In 168 BC, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" (establishing rites of pagan observance in the Temple, or sacrificing an unclean animal on the altar in the Holy of Holies). They are in the Public Domain. 1 Maccabees 10, Haydock's Catholic Bible Commentary, One of over 125 Bible commentaries freely available, this commentary was originally compiled by priest and biblical scholar Rev. Several theories have emerged regarding the exclusion of 1 from the Jewish biblical canon. An unknown editor, the "Epitomist," used the factual notes of a historian . According to 1 Maccabees, there were some early groups of Jewish rebels who refused to fight on the Sabbath, and perished accordingly (1 Maccabees 2:29-38) until the Maccabean patriarch Mattathias decided to change the law and permit defensive warfare on the Sabbath (2:39-41). And wherever was found with any a book of the covenant, and if any consented to the law, the kings sentence delivered him to death. Did you read anything in the book that touched you, expanded your faith or made you think more deeply about your life and how you live it. Among other effects, this discouraged the Jewish rite of circumcision even further, which had already been officially forbidden; a man's state could not be concealed in the gymnasium, where men trained and socialized in the nude. After successfully invading the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV captures Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple in Jerusalem, slaughtering many Jews. VERSE 1. 1 Maccabees is the most extensive source of information on events in Judea from 175 to 135. Some even engage in foreskin restoration. Omissions? An unknown editor, the Epitomist, used the factual notes of a historian, Jason of Cyrene, to write this historical polemic. they made themselves uncircumcised. It describes the refusal of Mattathias to perform pagan religious rites, the ensuing Jewish revolt against Syrian hegemony, the political machinations whereby Demetrius II of Syria granted Judaea its independence, and the election of Simon as both high priest and secular ruler of the Judaean Jews. 2 He fought many battles, captured fortresses, and put the kings of the earth to death. Many Christians base their moral decisions on outcomes. Corrections? These translations have no copyright restrictions. 2 Samuel. by Daniel R. Schwartz. 1:7 So Alexander reigned twelves years, and then died. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 1 Kings. I Maccabees is the only contemporary source for the civil wars in Judaea, and the only surviving one for Judaean-Syrian relations after the reign of Antiochus IV. Its vocabulary and style indicate a Greek original. 1 and 2 Maccabees are set during the reign of the Seleucid Greek empire (the part of the Greek empire that found its roots in Syria). It includes such fundamental texts as that which states that God created all thingsex nihilo, out of nothing, not out of things which existed (7:28), and those which make it clear that the sacrifice of martyrs is a voluntary form of atonement which placates Gods anger (7:36, 8:5). 1 Maccabees is a historical book, concerned to relay the events of the period as closely as possible. It runs from the end of the reign of Seleucus IV, the predecessor of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, up to the defeat of Nicanor, shortly before the death of Judas Maccabeusthat is, a period of fifteen years (176-161), which are covered in chapters 1-7 of the first book. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. Proverbs 16:18. Eusebius, in his book Church History, quotes Origen of Alexandria who says the original title of the work was Sarbth Sarbanael,[note 3] an enigmatic Greek transliteration from a putative Hebrew original title. He achieves semi-independence from the Seleucid Empire and gains recognition of his rulership from the Roman Senate in 139. (He had previously become king of Greece.) [35] Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. Shortly before his death, he divides his kingdom among his generals. VERSE 32. 1 Maccabees. The Greek text is extant in two of the three oldest codices of the Greek Septuagint: the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus. (Das erste Buch der Maccaber [Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu Mattathias proclaimed a holy war; Jewish armed resistance operated from the wilderness with great success under the successive leadership of three of Mattathias sonsJudas Maccabeus, the undisputed leader of the Jews (3:1-9); Jonathan (9:28-12:53), and Simon (chap. After Judass death, the war continued intermittently under his brothers Jonathan and Simon. And he called his servants, which were honorable, which had been brought up with him from his youth, and he divided to them his kingdom, while he was yet alive. II Maccabees focuses on the Jews' revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. Gentile forces still hold a fortress in Jerusalem, however, as well as many towns in Judea and Galilee. The kingdom began to decline under Ptolemy IV Philopator, who was a bad administrator and led a dissolute life. Jerome likewise claims "the first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style" (per Prologus Galeatus). Pre-modern translations of the work were made in Latin, Syriac, and Armenian. The author of I Maccabees, likely the Hasmonean court historian, wrote his history during the high priesthood (135/134104 bce) of John Hyrcanus I, son and successor of Simon. put to shame and fled. The [] These heroes of the faith will walk with the One God and keep the Covenant. Antiochus then tries to suppress public observance of Jewish laws, in an attempt to secure control over the Jews. 12:1-23). Read more . The First Book of Maccabees, originally written in Hebrew during the last part of thesecond century b.c.e.,1 can be read, among other things, as the story of the 1 CarlL.W. Antiochus captures Egypt. Maccabees does not mention the involvement of the mercenaries who are mentioned in other accounts, whereas other accounts do not mention the Jewish involvement. That is, his heart became proud and arrogant (NAB translation). Simon, who was called Thassi; And there came exceedingly great wrath upon Israel. (Jason of Cyrene was a Hellenized Jew who wrote a five-volume history on the times of the Maccabees. The setting of the book is about a century after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, when the country was part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. 1 Maccabees A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Another explanation concerns the different origins of the books. his heart was lifted up. The name Maccabee probably means "hammer" and was the nickname given in the book to the first leader of the revolt, Judas, third son of Mattathias. [20] The book is not written in colloquial "common" Koine Greek of the 2nd century BC, but rather a more archaic style of Greek consciously imitative of the style of older scriptures. Nothing is known about the author of 1 Maccabees other than that the attention to detail and knowledge of events suggests that he was an eye witness or had access to eyewitness accounts. As far as the dates of composition are concerned, these can be taken as approximately 100 B.C. After Jesus redeemed mankind by dying on the cross, the just of the Old Testament were enabled to enter heaven, and thus the ancient people of God became the new Israel, which is the Church. He forbids observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. The author is unknown. VERSE 43. and many of Israel consented to his worship, and sacrificed to the idols, and profaned the Sabbath. Antiochus forbids both circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures on pain of death. These two books tell you a lot about Jewish self-definition in the second and first century bc. When Simon died he was succeeded by his son John Hyrcanus, who became the founder of the Hasmonean dynasty. Through a series of events, Tobit goes blind and sends his son on a journey accompanied by the angel Raphael disguised as a human. It also asserts the resurrection of the just and tells us what we need to know about the fate of the unjust (7:9, 14,23,29; 14:46). From Alexander to Antiochus. And the inhabitants of Jerusalem fled because of them; and she became a habitation of strangers, and she became strange to those who were born in her, and her children forsook her. Some Protestants include the book as biblical apocrypha, material useful for background and edification but that is not canonical. According to all these words wrote he to his whole kingdom; and he appointed overseers over all the people, and he commanded the cities of Judah to sacrifice, city by city. Alexander the Great. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In those days rose up Mattathias the son of John, the son of Simeon, a priest of the sons of Joarib, from Jerusalem; and he lived at Modin. The army of Judas at Bethsura consists of 10,000 according to 1 Macc 4:29, but of 80,000 according to 2 Macc 11:2. for the second, on the basis of the information given in the first letter they refer to (2 Mace. By the end of the war, Simon was the only one of the five sons of Mattathias to survive and he ushered in an 80-year period of Jewish . 2nd century bc) Priestly family of Jews who organized a successful rebellion against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Palestine and reconsecrated the defiled Temple of Jerusalem.The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. Antiochus was determined to impose hellenic religion and civilization in Palestine as elsewhere, and naturally this was anathema to the Jews, who at this time were quite faithful to the Covenant with Yahweh. 16:1 Then John came up from Gazara, and told Simon his father what Cendebeus had done against their people. Chapter 2 1 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. And his servants bare rule, each one in his place. The Maccabees then ruled over Israel, first as High Priests and then as High Priests and Princes of Israel. The other Jews then reason that, when attacked, they must fight even on the holy day. VERSE 39. many in Israel were fully resolved. 1 Maccabees 1. For more details about the Maccabees family and battles with the Greeks, please read 1 Maccabees. This is alluded to in two other passages: Daniel 9:27. 1 Maccabees was probably written in Jerusalem, but 3 and 4 Maccabees derive from the diaspora. It promotes commitment to Gods covenant as the path to prosperity, and the doctrine of the resurrection of the body. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. Unlike most of the Books of the Maccabees, 1 Maccabees was written in Hebrew and translated into Greek as part of the . Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture. The Septuagint was preserved by early Christians as the basis for the Christian Old Testament. 2 Maccabees is a summary of Jason's five-volume work. Compare 1 Maccabees 10:65. 2 Maccabees falls more into theological history, in other words the attempt to reflect on Gods role in the events described. Demetrius' death is reported in 1 Maccabees 10:50, and Ptolemy VI Philometor and Alexander Balas, claimant to the Seleucid throne, enter into an agreement under which Alexander marries Cleopatra Thea, Ptolemy's daughter (1 Maccabees 10:58). Greece. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture.. He claims to have used and condensed a five-volume work by someone called Jason of Cyrene (which no longer exists) and appears to have introduced theological reflections onto the events as he went. That said, the author is still proud of forging alliances with others, citing negotiations with the Roman Republic and Sparta. In Chapter 2, there is a line from a dying Mattathias who tells his sons to always listen to Simon and that "he shall be your father", seemingly praising him even over Judas. The Book: 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book of the Bible which was written by a Jewish (pre-Christian) author, probably about 100 BC, after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom. From this it follows that, for the just man, supreme glory consists in being ready to give ones life, if necessary, to defend Gods intereststhe Law, which every Jew must strictly obey. The school of philosophy seen in 1 Maccabees is often thought to be a predecessor to the philosophy of the Sadducees in later eras. Naturally, any account of the war of liberation led by Judas Maccabeus would have this effect and would show that victory was due to Gods powerful aid (2:19-22). The First Book of Maccabees (I Maccabees) is historical work extant in Greek, covering the period of 40 years from the accession of Antiochus Epiphanes (175 B.C.E.) he spoke words in subtlety. The name Maccabee, probably meaning hammer, is actually applied in the Books of Maccabees to only one man, Judas, third son of the priest Mattathias and first leader of the revolt against the Seleucid kings who persecuted the Jews (1Mc 2:4, 66; 2Mc 8:5, 16; 10:1, 16). Because of the accuracy of the historical account, if a later date is accepted, then the author must have had access to first-hand reports of the events. And they shed innocent blood on every side of the sanctuary, and defiled the sanctuary. That is, about 168 BC. (1 Maccabees 2.62-64). He then imposes a tax and establishes a fortress in Jerusalem. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish law, resulting in the Maccabean Revolt. Simon is succeeded by his third son, John Hyrcanus, whose two elder brothers, Mattathias and Judah, had been murdered, together with their father. Alexandra was succeeded by another son, Aristobulus II. Unlike the Second Book of Maccabees, there is no doctrine of individual immortality except in the survival of ones name and fame, nor does the book express any messianic expectation, though messianic images are applied historically to the days of Simon (1Mc 14:417). The First Book of Macabbees is recognized as Deuterocanonical Scripture by the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. They are Jewish people who do not observe the Law. The first two books only are part of canonical scripture in the Septuagint and the Vulgate (hence are canonical to Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) and are included in the Protestant Apocrypha. 6 summary 1 john chapter 5 usccb irregulars chapter 5 1 mangakakalot com family affair vol 1 chapter 5 w mangairo com 1 maccabees chapter 5 usccb chapter 5 determining income and calculating rent 5 1 hard times book the first sowing chapters 5 8 summary ch 5 where s all my stuff the witcher gamefaqs jane eyre volume 1 chapter 5 shmoop chapter . 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. Registered charity 232759. [1], The author of 1 Maccabees is anonymous and unknown. 2 Simon now had the effrontery to name this benefactor of the city, this protector of his . Origen (cited by Eusebius Eccl Hist vi. VERSE 37. Second Maccabees includes a different edition of the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees and was written at a later date, likely in Alexandria, Egypt. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. Omissions? . The title of 1 and 2 Maccabees is taken from the surname of Judas (1 Mace. [50] He also cites the fact that it makes various "admissions against interest" such as openly describing rebel military defeats, unlike 2 Maccabees which obscures or omits such matters. VERSE 57. "[45][46] Even if "heaven" is merely shorthand for "God in heaven", 1 Maccabees is remarkably secular in its depiction of the conflict. With the advent of the printing press that obviated the need for scribes to manually and repeatedly copy such works, 1 Maccabees became more widely available. The vigorous reaction to this attempt established for a time the religious and political independence of the Jews. At first, it was used to describe the martyrs described in 2 Maccabees. Ps 119:89-90). This book also tells us more about atonement beyond the grave by asserting the existence of purgatory (12:38ff). Simon follows Jonathan as the next Jewish leader "in place of Judas and your brother Jonathan",[34] taking on civil, military and liturgical roles: "great high priest, governor, and leader of the Jews". First Maccabees or 1 Maccabees is most famous as the source of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. A Greek version of the text was printed for the first time in 15141517 in the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. And at the doors of the houses and in the streets they burned incense. He may well have played some part in it himself in his youth. What did it mean to be Jewish in a predominantly Greek culture? The rabbinical sages of this period had learned from experience that revolt against the Gentiles (in this case the Romans) brought disaster. VERSE 31. VERSE 38. Origen of Alexandria (253),[52] Augustine of Hippo (c.397AD),[53] Pope Innocent I (405),[54][55] Synod of Hippo (393),[56] the Council of Carthage (397),[57] the Council of Carthage (419),[58] the Apostolic Canons,[59] the Council of Florence (1442)[60] and the Council of Trent (1546)[61] listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical. And after two full years the king sent a chief collector of tribute to the cities of Judah, and he came to Jerusalem with a great multitude. Flavius Josephus, the first century Jewish historian, carries the story forward; only he gives the surname Hasmoneus, which applies to the successors of the early Maccabees up to Aristobulus II. 2 Maccabees interprets the misfortunes of the Jews as God's punishment for their own sins; the author of 1 Maccabees depicts the problems as due to the external evil of Antiochus IV and his generals, not as a cleansing ordeal that was in some sense divine will. Jonathan becomes high priest (1 Maccabees 10:20). came there forth out of Israel. 62 Do not fear the words of sinners, for their splendour will turn into dung and worms. Modin. The narrative is primarily prose text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry. That is, about 170 BC. The title of 1 and 2 Maccabees is taken from the surname of Judas (1 Mace. I Maccabees presents a historical account of political, military, and diplomatic events from the time of Judaeas relationship with Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria (reigned 175164/163 bce) to the death (135/134 bce) of Simon Maccabeus, high priest in Jerusalem. VERSE 22. and the table of the show bread, and the cups to pour withal, and the bowls, and the golden censers, and the veil, and the crowns, and the adorning of gold which was on the face of the temple, and he scaled it all off. When we first meet Hiro Protagonist, he delivers pizzas for the mob in L.A.; he's also a brilliant hacker and sword-wielding genius, but his plays-poorly-with-others personality means he needs a day job. The book also comes across as dismissive of martyrdom and passive approaches to resistance, seeing such gestures as futile and pointless. 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. 1 Maccabees,[note 1] also known as the First Book of Maccabees, First Maccabees, and abbreviated as 1 Macc., is a deuterocanonical book which details the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire as well as the founding and earliest history of the independent Hasmonean kingdom. He imposes a tax and establishes a fortress for his soldiers in Jerusalem. 1.12.70 The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and subsequent crisis3.19.22 The leadership of Judas Maccabeus in the revolt against the Greeks9.2312.53 The leadership of Jonathan (Judas brother)13.116.24 The leadership and subsequent assignation of Simon (also a brother of Judas), 1.12.32 Letters from Jews in Jerusalem to those in Egypt3.16.31 The conquest of Jerusalem by Antiochus IV Epiphanes7.1-42 The torture and murder of seven brothers and their mother8.19.29 The victory of Judas Maccabeus over the Greeks10.1-38 The purification of the Temple11.115.39 Ongoing conflict and the eventual victory of Judas. It is not known whether Josephus's copy of 1 Maccabees was missing the final three chapters, or he simply found a better source for that era of history. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In the book itself, "Maccabee" is used solely as a personal title for Judah Maccabee (Latinized as Judas Maccabeus). But he also wants to show that Gods purpose in permitting persecution is to discipline the Jews in order that he may not take vengeance on us afterwards when our sins have reached their height (6:12-17). And he had five sons, John, who was surnamed Gaddis; VERSE 3. While he clearly portrays a divine providence behind the history he presents, the narrator refrains from the miracle stories and other legends found in 2 Maccabees, which deals with much of the same material. His purpose in writing is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62)especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Werner Kappler[de] published a critical edition of the Greek text in 1936, an eclectic compilation of the various surviving manuscripts and the best construction of the original text. Talk about how this story might have inspired the Jews of Jesus day in the light of their oppression by the Romans. [9][10] The author appears to be very familiar with Judea and its geography, but appears less well-informed about the wider Hellenistic world. However, the original has been lost and the version which comes down to us is the Septuagint. perhaps even Sadducean, tendency interpenetrates the entire work" (Fischer, 4:441) and the "author of 1 Maccabees identifies unreservedly with the rebels and their leaders." (Efron, 47; Sievers, 2). And the land was moved for the inhabitants thereof, and all the house of Jacob was clothed with shame. Alternate titles: The Books of the Machabees. 1 a After Alexander the Macedonian, Philip's son, who came from the land of Kittim, * had defeated Darius, king of the Persians and Medes, he became king in his place, having first ruled in Greece. VERSE 2. And they led captive the women and the children, and the cattle they took in possession. The book of Tobit tells the story of Tobit and his family, who are living as exiles from Israel after the Assyrian conquest. There are seven poetic sections in the book that imitate the style of classical Hebrew poetry: four laments (1:2528, 3640; 2:713; 3:45), and three hymns of praise of our fathers (2:5164), of Judas (3:39), and of Simon (14:415). As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from . However, after successfully invading the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV enters Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple. It tells the story of how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress Temple worship and to destroy the practice of Jewish law. And when he had taken all, he went away into his own land, and he made a great slaughter, and spoke very presumptuously. 2023 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Hellenization included the construction of gymnasia in Jerusalem. First Maccabees covers the efforts of the Jewish people to regain their freedom following the desecration of the temple by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. THE FIRST BOOK OF MACCABEES. The second book is not a sequel to 1 Maccabees; it partially covers the same history (176 - 160 b.c.). Help me reach the world for the Lord Jesus Christ. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeateda King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. 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The grave by asserting the existence of purgatory ( 12:38ff ) the kings of city. The idols, and all the house of Jacob was clothed with.! Consented to his worship, and put the kings of the books and Clement is! This historical polemic [ 1 ], the & quot ; Epitomist &. The Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Alexandrinus philosophy seen in 1 Maccabees 10:20 ) under Ptolemy IV Philopator who. Of martyrdom and passive approaches to resistance, seeing such 1 maccabees summary shmoop as and. 1 from the Roman Senate in 139 father what Cendebeus had done against their people led a dissolute life )... With Introduction and Commentary of Judas ( 1 Maccabees is the Septuagint was by... ( Eusebius and Clement ) 1 maccabees summary shmoop, i.e after Judass death, the author is proud! Existence of purgatory ( 12:38ff ) family and battles with the One God and keep the Covenant brothers Simon Jonathan. Tries to suppress the practice of basic Jewish law, resulting in the Polyglot. The land was moved for the Christian Old Testament these can be taken as 100... 2 Simon now had the effrontery to name this benefactor of the people...
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