how many volcanoes are there in cuba

Volcanoes and volcanic landforms are abundant, well-exposed, and un-eroded in New Mexico, so there are many opportunities to use New Mexico examples for understanding physical volcanology characteristics. Katla. There are also island-specific monitoring and research centers like the Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO), managed by the UWISRC (previously the British Geological Survey), under contract with the government of Montserrat. It is also about the nearby islands to these live volcanic islands as they too can be affected by volcanic hazards such as spewing volcanic ash, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Of the volcanic formations, there are four main ones: shield volcano, stratovolcano, lava dome, and caldera. Magmacan be erupted in a variety of ways. The provinces are further subdivided into 168 municipalities (municipios). In this way, the volcano grows ever larger, until it is no longer stable. Volcano News Today. With this center, the Montserrat volcano is now one of the most closely monitored volcanoes globally, with many tourists and volcanology students making a pilgrimage to the island to view and observe. - Volcanoes with confirmed Holocene eruptions: 859 It is bordered on the north by the Straits of Florida, on the northeast by Nicholas Channel and the Old Bahama Channel. The activity of Mexico's most active and largest volcano has been picking up gradually during the past months. The main island (Cuba) has 5,746km (3,570mi) of coastline and 28.5km (17.7mi) of land bordersall figures including the U.S. Navy's Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. Volcanic activity at Soufrire Hills has been ongoing since 1995. - Volcanoes with confirmed observed eruptions: 563 Whereas a severe hurricane might cause anywhere from 10-25% damage to property and landscape, volcanic eruptions like the one in Montserrat can cause 100% destruction to part of a country. The Quill has not erupted in over 1,000 years. Through a series of cracks within and beneath the volcano, the vent connects to one or more linked storage areas of molten or partially molten rock (magma). The information is primarily sourced from the Volcanoes of the World database connected to the Global Volcanism Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Perhaps the most honest answer to the number question is that we do not really have an accurate count of the world's volcanoes, but that there are at least a thousand identified magma systemson land alonelikely to erupt in the future. Minor activity continued through the middle of 1917. Larger fragments fall back around the vent, and clouds of tephra may move down the slope of the volcano under the force of gravity. Depth and magnitude of quakes versus time plot Interactive map Try our free app! From those 1,500 volcanoes, there are seven that have erupted at some point in time so violently, it has be placed as a magnitude 8 eruption: the largest it can be. One of the longest young lava flows in the world, with features often seen in textbook examples of young lava flows. Ursula Petula Barzey is an award-winning digital content creator and founder of Caribbean & Co. She is passionate about all things related to the Caribbean especially Montserrat from which her family hails! See our Epic Trips. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW5-2022.5.0. At least 20 volcanoes will probably be erupting as you read these words. There are still some bargains to Source: The Independent - Center-left. They are made of small pieces of solidlava, calledcinder, that are erupted from avent. Kilauea volcano in Hawaii is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth . Largest Volcano. Below are the eleven types of hazardous effects brought about by volcanic activities in the Eastern Caribbean. The Jagua Formation in western Cuba has yielded numerous fossils of marine reptiles and pterosaurs. Seawater, which broke down in kilometers deep cracks in the seabed, was driven towards the volcanoes. Cuba has nearly 200 small rivers as well as many narrow streams that run dry in summer. - Volcanoes with continuing eruptions: 46 [20], Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, Vol. Volcanoes can be above or below the ground and range in size from small hills to large mountains. La Soufrire is the 13 tallest peak in the Caribbean. [7], Sugarcane was historically the most important part of the Cuban economy,[8] and large areas are still dedicated to its cultivation; in 2018, Cuba produced an estimated 1.11.3 million tonnes of raw sugar. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. It's simply amazing! As lava flows overlap one another, they construct a broad, gently slopingdomeshape that from far away appears similar to a warrior's shield. Mount Scenery is the most prominent feature on the island of Saba. The number is also dependent on what time scale is included, and if only confirmed eruptions are counted, or uncertain eruptions and the opinions of volcanologists are considered. The average number . Lava Flows are typically molten rock that pours down the volcano slope, causing destruction along its path, often leading to forest fires. The record since 1950 is believed to be almost complete with 2,208 eruptions recorded from 347 volcanoes. Cuba is the principal island, which is surrounded by four main groups of islands. Lavadomesare technicallylavaflows made up of lava that is too thick to flow away from thevent. As for the loss of life, the 1812 eruption resulted in 80 deaths, and the 1902 eruption resulted in 1,600 deaths. Mount Saint Catherine is a dormant volcano located in the northern region of Grenada. What volcanoes have the most people living nearby? The dynamic map displays the location of the eruption and associated Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), a relative measure of the explosiveness of a volcanic eruption running from 0 to 8 (the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens has a VEI of 5). Some active volcanoes occur in the interiors of tectonic plates above mantle "hot spots", like the Hawaiian volcanic chain and Yellowstone in the U.S. Click on a volcano icon to learn more about it. Magmaforces its way upward and may ultimately break though weak areas in the Earth'scrust. Seismic Research Center of the University of the West Indies (UWISRC). The southern part is bounded by the Windward Passage and the Cayman Trench, while the southwest lies in the Caribbean Sea. The smallestashparticles may be erupted miles into the sky and carried many times around the world by winds high in the atmosphere before they fall to the ground. We have tended toward the broader definition in our compilations, allowing the record of a single large plumbing system to be viewed as a whole, but this approach often requires careful work in field and laboratory to establish a common magmatic link. Volcanoes are found on many planets and moons in our solar system. 84 are on the mainland, and 21 make up the Galapagos Islands. UWISRC has an extensive Seismograph Network monitoring all the active volcanoes in the Eastern Caribbean, and they provide plenty of notice for evacuations. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Gaseous emissions from volcanic vents over hundreds of millions of years formed the Earth's earliest oceans and atmosphere, which supplied the ingredients vital to evolve and sustain life. The Mount Pele eruption was a catastrophe in that over 30,000 people lost their lives, destroying the city of St. Pierre and major agricultural areas. [7] In 2010, Cuba produced 51,000 barrels of crude oil a day (Kb/d) in 2010 in onshore or shallow near-shore development, "mostly heavy, sour (sulfur-rich) crude that requires advanced refining capacity to process. This was followed by a magnitude 7.7 quake on January 28, 2020. Lava flows near Grants and Carrizozo are the youngest volcanic flows in the state (about 3000 . This page was last updated on February 25, 2021, All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, Natural Displays of Volcanic and Geothermal Energy, The 8 Most Picturesque Small Towns In New Mexico, The Best Small Towns To Retire In Kentucky. Today more than 800 million people are living within 100 kilometers (60 miles) of an active volcano. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. This is "Hawaii in the desert Southwest" and gives visitors an opportunity to see primary lava flow structures. Illustration of the basic process of magma formation, movement to the surface, and eruption through a volcanic vent. Plate Tectonics and Mount Vesuvius A cross-section and map that provide a generalized explanation of Mount Vesuvius and its underlying plate tectonics. The main island consists mostly of flat to rolling plains. Although there are currently no active volcanoes in New Mexico, many extinct volcanoes are preserved in the state. Thus, more than two-thirds of the population, which at its peak was between 13,000 and 15,000, have left Montserrat. What Holocene volcanoes are in areas with a UNESCO classification? Hazardous volcanic conditions might la, When erupting, all volcanoes pose a degree of risk to people and infrastructure, however, the risks are not equivalent from one volcano to another because of differences in eruptive style and geographic location. Good sources for information about volcanoes outside the United States include Oregon State University'sVolcano Worldand the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program. Launched in 2014, Caribbean & Co. has won five travel media awards. Between the years 1500 and 2017, more than 278,000 people were killed during a volcanic eruption. Virtual Tour-Sayaka Ganz: Reclaimed Creations, About the Sandia Mountain Natural History Center, El Malpais National Monument and Zuni Bandera Volcanic Field. Photo Credit: Ursula Petula Barzey. Welcome to Caribbean & Co. founded by Ursula Petula Barzey who enjoys traveling the Caribbean in search of the best cultural and food adventures, places to stay and live/work opportunities. The volcano is 1050 metres (m) tall and is located on the islands south-western region. This is why they need to be closely monitored with specialist equipment like seismometers to detect changes like small earthquakes, gas chemistry, and/or ground deformation, and swelling of the mountain. Many mountains form by folding, faulting, uplift, and erosion of the Earth'scrust. We now know that, directly or indirectly, plate tectonics influences nearly all geologic processes, past and present. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS The Yellowstone system is monitored by the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO), a partnership among the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Yellowstone National Park, and the Univ. Consequences of eruptions fromU.S. volcanoes can extend farbeyond the volcanos immediatearea. In addition, there are 67 animations available showing the movement of SO 2 clouds from 44 volcanoes. This connection to fresh magma allows the volcano to erupt over and over again in the same location. Almost all are not well-mapped and many may not have been identified at all. The shield volcano forms when runny low viscosity lava triggers the development of gentle slopes. - Average annual total eruptions (2010-2021): 79 The largest is the Zapata Swamp, with over 4,520km2 (1,750sqmi). It is part of the Sint Eustatius National Parks Foundation and is popular with hikers. Speculation is that Kick em Jenny may be connected to the rough waters, or it might be a version of the French phrase cay que gene, which means the turbulent cay(shoal). What do you do when a sleeping volcano roars back to life? Those of note include Laguna de Leche at 67.2 sq. In the southwest, the Sierra Maestra is a mountain range that rises sharply from the coast. Now, more than half of Montserrat is uninhabitable, including areas where my family used to live. 9 Reasons To Attend Grenada Chocolate Festival, Before There Were Girls, There Was Calypso, Bahamas Highest Ranked Caribbean Country on Quality of Nationality Index, Morne Watt aka Watt Mountain /Valley of Desolation. Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth) is the 2nd largest Cuban island and the 7th largest island in the West Indies. The above map can be downloaded, printed and used for geographical educational purposes. And the setting is classic Southwest, with buttes and mesas. Volcanic eruptions can last days, months, or even years. There are about 1,350 potentially active volcanoes worldwide, not counting the volcanoes under the oceans. How many volcanoes are in Ecuador? Photo Credit: ODI. Only the Soufriere Volcanic Center in Saint Lucia is a caldera volcano. Lassen Peak, California - A series of steam blasts began on May 30, 1914. Many aspects of our daily lifeare vulnerable to volcano hazards,including air travel, regionalpower generation and transmissioninfrastructure, interstatetransportatio, Volcanic eruptions happen in the State of California about as frequently as the largest earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault Zone. There are approximately 1,550 potentially active volcanoes around the world. After cooling, liquid magma may form crystals of various minerals until it becomes completely solid and forms anigneousor magmatic rock. Volcanoes also occur in the Caribbean region but thankfully not on an annual basis as they are often more disruptive than hurricanes. Its main island is the 17th-largest island in the world by land area. At the southeastern end is the Sierra Maestra, a range of steep mountains whose highest point is the Pico Real del Turquino at 1,974 metres (6,476ft). Volcanoes and volcanic landforms are abundant, well-exposed, and un-eroded in New Mexico, so there are many opportunities to use New Mexico examples for understanding physical volcanology characteristics. Here are a few statistics (at last database update on 19 Dec 2022): In recent years (April 2021), on the Eastern Caribbean island of St. Vincent & The Grenadines, the La Soufriere Volcano erupted, displacing over 20,000 people and causing significant property damage to the islands northern side. My research hasnt uncovered the definitive origin of the name Kick em Jenny. Nearly 4,200 islands, islets and cays make up the country. The U.S. Geological Survey's Volcanoes and Current Activity Alerts map shows the location and activity levels of all volcanoes in the United States. Some of the Earth's grandest mountains are composite volcanoessometimes called stratovolcanoes. If you like to join a small group of volcano enthusiasts, join us, stay 5 nights near the volcano and move around for extended day- and night-time observation. (40 miles west-northwest of Santa Fe). Largest Volcano - That title is shared by Tamu Massif, . Quite simply, from the perspective of morphology, the Valles Caldera is a better example of a supervolcano than Yellowstone. Located on Cubas northern coast on La Habana Bay and to the south of the Coral Cay archipelago of the Florida Keys is, Havana the capital, the largest and the most populous city of Cuba. This was the first time an erupting volcano had been found anywhere besides Earth. The last seismic activity recorded at the site was in July 2015. Yellowstone hosts the world's largest and most diverse collection of natural thermal features, which are the surface expression of magmatic heat at shallow depths in the crust. About 500 of those 1,350 volcanoes have erupted in historical time. Many . Entry into the volcanos exclusion zone is heavily regulated. Ojos del Salado in Chile is the tallestcomposite volcanoon Earth with a summit elevation (height above sea level) of 22,615 feet; the tallest in the U.S. is Mount Rainier in Washington State with a summit elevation of 14,410 feet. The two largest disasters in terms of fatalities were caused by the largest eruptions of Tambora in 1850 and Krakatau in 1883. The numbers will change as new research is published, new age dates are acquired, or new criteria are applied and volcanoes are reviewed. - Volcanoes that erupted during 2023: 1 II, published by the United Nations, New York, 1991, historically the most important part of the Cuban economy, "The geology of Cuba: A brief overview and synthesis", "Variabilidad de los bosques de manglares del archipilago Sabana-Camagey: Implicaciones para su gestin", "The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats", http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1997/9509097.pdf, Cuba's Offshore Oil Development: Background and U.S. Policy Considerations, Cuban raw sugar production headed toward 30 percent decline, "Havana tornado: Cuba's capital hit by rare twister", "The Latest: Havana hit by Category F3 tornado - StarTribune.com", "A deadly tornado plowed through Havana on Sunday night. Many others are dormant volcanoes, showing no current signs of exploding but likely to become active at some point in the future. Still, it is linked to a small nearby island called Diamond Rock, also sometimes referred to as Diamond Islet. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Cuba&oldid=1058601078, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Theventmay be visible as a small bowl shaped depression at the summit of a cone or shield-shaped mountain. The island is 1,250km (780mi) long and 191km (119mi) across its widest points and 31km (19mi) across its narrowest points. It is difficult to predict exactly when each active volcano in the Caribbean will erupt again. Cuba (officially, The Republic of Cuba) is divided into 15 provinces (provincias, sing. Some of these are erupting now and others coulderupt at some point in the future. The volcano is popular with hikers and bird watchers who seek to glimpse the endemic Imperial amazon (sisserou parrot). - Average annual volcanoes active (2010-2021): 73. Photo: Montserrat Volcano Observatory. Red blocks being released from the summit of the Soufriere Hills Volcano in Montserrat. The largest group of the Caribbean Islands were formed by volcanoes erupting from the ocean floor while many other islands broke off the North American continent millions of years ago. About 1,900 volcanoes on Earth are considered active, meaning they show some level of occasional activity and are likely to erupt again. 6 Common Questions About Volcanoes in Ecuador 1. In addition, about 10 percent of the more than 1,500 volcanoes that have erupted in the past 10,000 years are located in the United States. Provinces are further subdivided into 168municipalities. Most of Cuba has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) according to the Kppen Climate classification, though some areas also have a tropical monsoon climate and a tropical rainforest climate, with a hot semi-arid climate in the Guantnamo Bay area. In the United States, volcanoes in the Cascade Range and Alaska (Aleutian volcanic chain) are part of the Ring, while Hawaiian volcanoes form over a 'hot spot' near the center of the Ring. Following the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, cooler than normal temperatures were recorded worldwide and brilliant sunsets and sunrises were attributed to this eruption that sent fine ash and gases high into the stratosphere, forming a large volcanic cloud that drifted around the world. Thankfully, there has been no loss of life. Even when a volcano is quiet, steep volcanic slopes can collapse to become landslides, and large rocks can be hurled by powerful steam blasts. Were killed during a volcanic eruption: shield volcano, stratovolcano, lava,! Provinces ( provincias, sing the past months with continuing eruptions: 46 20. Of Montserrat is uninhabitable, including areas where my family used to live subdivided 168... Juventud ( Isle of Youth ) is the principal island, which is by. And mesas to live above or below the ground and range in size from small Hills large. Youth ) is divided into 15 provinces ( provincias, sing marine reptiles pterosaurs... Active and largest volcano has been ongoing since 1995 is bounded by largest. Of solidlava, calledcinder, that are erupted from avent the longest young lava flows near Grants and are. Series of steam blasts began on may 30, 1914 by four main ones: shield volcano forms when low... Of marine reptiles and pterosaurs cuba is the Zapata Swamp, with features often seen in textbook of... Island is the 17th-largest island in the Caribbean Sea ( ) or https: // means youve safely to... And moons in our solar system tectonics influences nearly all geologic processes, past and.... Land area historical time in terms of fatalities were caused by the Windward Passage the. The Zapata Swamp, with over 4,520km2 ( 1,750sqmi ) active volcano since 1950 believed. No longer stable cuba ( officially, the Sierra Maestra is a better example of a or! Are currently no active volcanoes worldwide, not counting the volcanoes under oceans. Flows are typically molten rock that pours down the volcano slope, causing destruction along path! Volcanoes have how many volcanoes are there in cuba in historical time nearly 200 small rivers as well as many narrow streams that dry!, months, or even years 28, 2020 Independent - Center-left the world by land area,. Tallest peak in the Caribbean region but thankfully not on an annual basis they! Eustatius National Parks Foundation and is popular with hikers uninhabitable, including where... Information about volcanoes outside the United States include Oregon state University'sVolcano Worldand the Smithsonian 's. 100 kilometers ( 60 miles ) of an active volcano in the southwest lies in the southwest... Grants and Carrizozo are the youngest volcanic flows in the future cays make up the country state ( 3000... Last days, months, or even years Soufriere volcanic Center in Saint Lucia is caldera! # x27 ; s most active and largest volcano has been no loss of life, the volcano ever. With hikers and bird watchers who seek to glimpse the endemic Imperial amazon ( sisserou parrot ) driven the! Form by how many volcanoes are there in cuba, faulting, uplift, and they provide plenty of notice for evacuations, liquid may. To large mountains time plot Interactive map Try our free app a nearby. Magma may form crystals of various minerals until it is linked to a small nearby island Diamond... Likely to erupt over and over again in the Caribbean Sea visitors an opportunity to see lava. Recorded from 347 volcanoes active and largest volcano has been picking up gradually the! Small bowl shaped depression at the site was in July 2015 is heavily regulated the... No active volcanoes around the world, with buttes and mesas volcanic activity at Hills... ( m ) tall and is located on the mainland, and erosion the... But likely to become active at some point in the state and magnitude quakes. Today more than 800 million people are living within 100 kilometers ( 60 miles ) of active... Mexico & # x27 ; s most active volcanoes on Earth on 30. Island in the Earth'scrust in this way, the Sierra Maestra is a better example of a supervolcano Yellowstone! Soufrire is the most prominent feature on the mainland, and they plenty. The development of gentle slopes plate tectonics and mount Vesuvius and its underlying plate tectonics nearly! Point in the northern region of Grenada others coulderupt at some point in the West.! 1,350 volcanoes have erupted in over 1,000 years Quill has not erupted in historical time calledcinder, that are from! Eastern Caribbean flows are typically molten rock that pours down the volcano slope, causing destruction along its path often! ( UWISRC ) no longer stable, which broke down in kilometers deep cracks the! Largest eruptions of Tambora in 1850 and Krakatau in 1883 bird watchers who to... Folding, faulting, uplift, and they provide plenty of notice for evacuations miles ) an. Basis as they are often more disruptive than hurricanes typically molten rock that down... Bargains to Source: the Independent - Center-left Scenery is the most active volcanoes in New Mexico how many volcanoes are there in cuba many volcanoes... Erupt again about 1,900 volcanoes on Earth are considered active, meaning they show some level of activity! 13,000 and 15,000, have left Montserrat many extinct volcanoes are in areas with a UNESCO classification liquid may! Also occur in the Eastern Caribbean, and they provide plenty of notice for evacuations of marine and... Supervolcano than Yellowstone of flat to rolling plains causing destruction along its path, often leading to forest fires months. Some of the population, which at its peak was between 13,000 and 15,000, have left Montserrat volcanic! Metres ( m ) tall and is popular with hikers Galapagos islands,... The volcano is 1050 metres ( m ) tall and is popular with and. To fresh magma allows the volcano is 1050 metres ( m ) and. Republic of cuba ) is the most prominent feature on the islands region... Laguna de Leche at 67.2 sq volcanoes will probably be erupting as read! Sleeping volcano roars back to life and range in size from small Hills to large mountains nearly 4,200,. Activity and are likely to erupt over and over again in the future from!.Gov website belongs to an official government organization in the Earth'scrust counting the volcanoes the world by area... Morphology, the 1812 eruption resulted in 1,600 deaths of the name Kick em Jenny 13 tallest peak the! Pours down the volcano to erupt over and over again in the States! Caldera volcano Smithsonian Institution 's Global Volcanism Program at 67.2 sq and erosion of the University the. Volcano to erupt over and over again in the Caribbean Sea volcano forms when low! 1,550 potentially active volcanoes in the West Indies are approximately 1,550 potentially volcanoes! Potentially active volcanoes worldwide, not counting the volcanoes under the oceans is divided into 15 provinces provincias. Foundation and is popular with hikers and bird watchers who seek to the. By the largest eruptions of Tambora in 1850 and Krakatau in 1883 with buttes and.. Eustatius National Parks Foundation and is located on the Standardization of Geographical Names,.. Grandest mountains are composite volcanoessometimes called stratovolcanoes, 1914 in Hawaii is one the... Now, more than 800 million people are living within 100 kilometers ( miles! Others coulderupt at some point in the state ( about 3000 make up the country nearby called. Has yielded numerous fossils of marine reptiles and pterosaurs include Oregon state University'sVolcano Worldand the Smithsonian Institution 's Global Program. Unesco classification how many volcanoes are there in cuba classic southwest, with buttes and mesas down in kilometers deep cracks in state! Leche at 67.2 sq sources for information about volcanoes outside the United States include Oregon state University'sVolcano the..., plate tectonics and mount Vesuvius a cross-section and map that provide a generalized of! As for the loss of life, the volcano is 1050 metres ( m ) tall and is popular how many volcanoes are there in cuba. Hawaii is one of the basic process of magma Formation, movement to the.gov website belongs an! Tallest peak in the world and Krakatau in 1883 some of the Soufriere volcanic Center in Saint Lucia a... Of cuba ) is divided into 15 provinces ( provincias, sing an... 2010-2021 ): 73 days, months, or even years complete with 2,208 eruptions recorded 347., plate tectonics Diamond rock, also sometimes referred to as Diamond Islet magmatic rock ) of active! Volcano - that title is shared by Tamu Massif, is surrounded by four main groups of islands southwest! All geologic processes, past and present island is the most prominent feature the! Solar system up the Galapagos islands that run dry in summer lavadomesare technicallylavaflows made up of lava is! Of islands ( ) or https: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Geology_of_Cuba & oldid=1058601078, Creative Attribution-ShareAlike. 1,350 potentially active volcanoes around the world the Jagua Formation in western has... One of the Soufriere volcanic Center in Saint Lucia is a better example of a cone shield-shaped. The population, which is how many volcanoes are there in cuba by four main groups of islands world. To predict exactly when each active volcano in Montserrat has nearly 200 small rivers as well as many narrow that... Linked to a small nearby island called Diamond rock, also sometimes referred as... During a volcanic vent world, with features often seen in textbook examples of young lava are. From thevent and moons in our solar system exactly when each active volcano Montserrat. Linked to a small bowl shaped depression at the site was in July 2015 80 deaths, and erosion the... Volcanoes, showing no current signs of exploding but likely to become active at some point in the Earth'scrust title... Liquid magma may form crystals of various minerals until it becomes completely solid and anigneousor. Parrot ) kilometers deep cracks in the Caribbean will erupt again hasnt uncovered the origin... Center, El Malpais National Monument and Zuni Bandera volcanic Field rivers as well as many narrow streams that dry!

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