International Journal of Testing, 7, 293-309. Although they used the original BDI in this study, they suggested that results would generalize to the BDI-II given the overlap between the two. Items from the BDI-A were rewritten, 4 new items corresponding to DSM-IV Depression criteria were added, and the timeframe was changed from 1 week to 2 weeks to correspond to the DSM-IV. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis (2001) examined adolescents who had cutoff scores of 21 and above. Tests or assessments may also be conducted in order to gain additional information about the patient's mental health. Project administration, * E-mail: zgarcia@pucmm.edu.do, zoiloegarcia@gmail.com. In conclusion, for both statistical and clinical reasons it seems more appropriate to use BDI-II total and factor scores. lack of information when it comes to applying the test to other medias. Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Psychological Assessment, 10, 83-89. As expected, t-test analysis revealed that BDI-II scores discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population. Validation of the BDI-II in a low-income African American sample of medical outpatients. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator of the severity of depression, but not as a diagnostic tool, and numerous studies provide evidence for its reliability and validity across different populations and cultural groups. The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Psychological Reports, 93(3), 1115-1129. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Depression represents the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide [3] with the higher prevalence in low and middle-income countries [54]. Although the age range for the measure is from 17 to 80, the measure has been used in peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents . Bleiberg, K.L., & Markowitz, J.C. (2005). Effectiveness of Beck Depression Inventory-II subscales in screening for major depressive disorders in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Small Ways to Feel Better When You're Depressed, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen (BDI-FS), Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Neurovegetative symptom subtypes in young people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates, Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation, A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up, Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors, Measuring depression over time . Individuals with chronic trauma since childhood sometimes respond by circling a zero because they do not feel worse than "usual.". In order to compare the fit of the models, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was also considered. Or not? Beck Depression Inventory definition: A trademark for a standardized questionnaire used to diagnose depression. This version of the inventory consists of 21 items, in which four response options are presented on a scale of 0 to 3. The test has its advantages and disadvantages. Beck Depression Inventory (currently in its second edition as BDI-II) is a 21-item, self-rated inventory that evaluates the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. Sanz, J., Perdign, A.L., & Vzquez, C. (2003). It was developed by famous American psychiatrist Dr. Aaron T. Beck. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Tool Description: The BDI is the most-used depression screening tool, and it includes the severity of depression as part of its assessment. The BDI was designed to measure the severity of depression, as well as to serve as a tool for screening for depression. Aaron T. Beck, M.D. Clinicians use it as a diagnostic tool to determine what level of treatment a person needs for depression. For access to the measure(s), please contact the copyright holdershere. (1961). A self-report depression inventory administered verbally or self administered. The Beck Depression Inventory II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory in People with Intellectual Disabilities: Factor Analyses and Group Data. Factor analysis of the BDI-II has generally identified a 2-factor structure in adult outpatient and non-clinical samples, measuring cognitive-affective and somatic depressive symptoms (Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg, 1998; Storch, Roberti, & Roth, 2004). The authors suggested that the measures assess different underlying aspects of the construct of depression, with the CES-D assessing more of an affective component and the BDI assessing more of a cognitive component. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 120-132. There were 120 college students enrolled in an introductory psychology course, who comprised the "normal group." Aaron T. Beck created the beck Depression Inventory long back. Author. The BDI-II is user-friendly; it is easy to administer and score. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. In adults, the BDI-II has been found to correlate with multiple measures of depression including the Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Revised Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. If you are concerned about your level of depression, there are many resources available to help you. Indeed, Hunt et al [63] demonstrated that subjects who administered a manipulated version of BDI-II in which the purpose was disguised and the content was padded with items that not tap depression symptoms, scored significantly higher than subjects who completed the original scale. No, Is the Subject Area "Research assessment" applicable to this article? According to Steer et al. 2013;35(4):416-431. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048, Lee EH, Lee SJ, Hwang ST, Hong SH, Kim JH. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold. Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: the BDI-II versus the BDI-IA. Their findings replicate what has been found in Canadian, Swedish, and Bulgarian non-clinical adolescents, but are different from factor analyses conducted with inpatient and outpatient adolescents in the United States. Items are summed to create a total score, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression. Description. Psychol Assess. A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Subsequent reliability analysis of the BDI-II total score and subscale scores showed acceptable to high internal consistency, with alpha coefficients ranging from .70 to .89. doi:10.1002/acr.20556, Toenders YJ, Schmaal L, Harrison BJ, Dinga R, Berk M, Davey CG. Also, when verifying the fit of a bifactor model, it makes sense to consider additional indices, mainly the hierarchical omega (H), the percentage of explained common variance (ECV) and the percentage of uncontaminated correlations (PUC). Additional data regarding reliability are presented under Notes for "Construct Validity." Clinical Assessment s The Beck Depression Inventory . Journal of Affective Disorders, 86(1), 87-91. Emotion, 5(1), 103-112. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Verywell Mind receives compensation. Scoring files were written in the R statistical programming language by John Curtin and are free for reuse. One of the most popular measures used all around the world, is the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). They also reported good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity. The corrected item-total correlation was also calculated for the items of each factor. 0 I do not feel sad. Beck Depression Inventory. . Internal reliability was moderate to high for all subscales and for the total scale. An inventory for measuring depression. However, 30% of bilingual participants would be placed in a different depressive category depending on whether their Spanish or English scores are used. The Beck Depression Inventory-II: Testing for measurement equivalence and factor mean differences across Honk Kong and American adolescents. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393-402. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. The following questionnaire links are for the private use of our lab only. The total score (ranging . The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). The idea of depression as it is supported by cognitive impairment has a specific program in psychotherapy (CBT), which plans to challenge and kill them in ways, for example, by cognitive restructuring. Criterion-based validity have also shown acceptable sensitivity and specificity of the BDI-II for detecting depression, supporting its clinical utility as an aid measure for diagnostic purposes [2,14,15]. evaluated with the ESRD population in mind, including the pros and cons, applicable age groups, and the . Yes The study also provides BDI-II community norms. Overview: Measure negative attitudes about the future. Cohen, J.A., Mannarino, A.P., & Knudsen, K. (2004). Results from hierarchical and bifactor BDI-II models supported both models. This disorder is characterized by changes in sleep, appetite and psychomotricity, decreased concentration and decision-making ability, loss of self-confidence, feelings of inferiority or worthlessness and guilt, as well as despair and recurrent thoughts of death with ideation, planning and/or suicidal acts. They found that none of the two-factor models have acceptable fit and, in contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models showed good fit indices, concluding that only BDI-II total score should be used to measure the severity of depression. Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. Individuals with low education and some Spanish speakers have difficulty with the response format. Author: Aaron T. Beck. Carmody D. P. (2005). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. In effect, higher averages are observed in the general BDI-II score (average = 16.91; standard deviation = 11.62; t (881) = 7.49; p<0.01), and in the cognitive dimensions (average = 5.02; standard deviation = 4.31; t (881) = 6.33; p<0.01), somatic (average = 8.24; standard deviation = 5.35; t (881) = 5.87; p<0.01), and affective (average = 3.65; standard deviation = 3.15; t (881) = 8.17; p<0.01), with a greater effect size on the Cohen's d values (d general = .80; d cognitive = .64; d somatic = .71; d affective = .82). The majority of studies conducted with adolescents have been predominantly Caucasian and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status. Addressing this issue may have not only practical implications (i.e., how BDI-II score should be computed and interpreted) but also for conceptualization and assessment of depression. Treating childhood traumatic grief: A pilot study. The Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition1 is a popular self-report measure of depression. 2. Criterion validity, severity cut scores, and test-retest reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a university counseling center sample. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. (1998) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with adolescent outpatients and found good internal consistency. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Affiliation The Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition (BDI-II) is a 21-item self-report measure designed to measure severity of depression consistent with symptoms of depression as presented in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association 1994) in both adolescents aged 13 years and older and adults (Beck et al. In this case, a stepwise procedure is used where each p-value is compared with /(ni + 1) for rejection. Cardemil, Kim, Pinedo, & Miller (2005) found high internal consistence (alpha was .90-.92) and change in scores over the course of treatment for both English- and Spanish-speaking Latina women from a predominantly low-income sample. The BDI-II was piloted on 193 psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with various disorders by a psychologist or psychiatrist using the DSM-III or DSM-IV. (2001) studied Beck's theory by monitoring student's negative thoughts with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Within the hospital sample, 76.5% came in for routine checkups, 15.3% sought help for cardiac and hypertension conditions and 8.2% went to the psychiatric service. This tool, the Beck Depression Inventory, is one of the top tools used to assess a person's mental health and determine whether they are experiencing depression. The BDI can be used, but is not limited to, persons with stroke. prezi.com. More importantly, the detection and treatment of depression have become a matter of high priority in low and middle-income countries [43] such as Dominican Republic, despite psychometrically validated measures are currently lacking. Archives of general psychiatry, 4(6), 561-571. The factors were identified as Cognitive and Somatic and were similar for boys and girls. Fourth, it has been suggested that bifactor models are more robust to model misspecification (e.g., substantive cross-loadings) than multidimensional or hierarchical CFA models [64] which may result in bias in favor of bifactor models and, consequently, to explain why such measurement models outperform conventional CFA models. Scoring The Beck Depression Inventory. A decrease in scores over time indicates that the person's symptoms are improving. Universidad Nacional d Crdoba, Crdoba, Argentina. Chandra Ghosh Ippen, Ph.D., Connie Wong, M.A. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. Or not? Background: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and good performance as a screening measure in different contexts and languages. A PsychInfo search of Beck Depression Inventory or BDI AND trauma yielded 681 peer-reviewed journal articles (6/05). Furlanetto, L.M., Mendlowicz, M.V., & Bueno, J.R. (2005). The BDI is not a diagnostic test, but it can help health care providers make a diagnosis. The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine the latent structure of BDI-II by testing several competing models proposed in the literature; and (b) to provide evidence of validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Republic Dominican. Five screening items reduce the length and the intrusiveness of the questionnaire for patients who are nonsuicidal. Website feedback, questions or accessibility issues: schneck2@wisc.edu. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-question self-report rating used to measure the symptoms of depression in an individual. They found good internal consistency and factoral validity, with factor analysis identifying a general dimension of depression and two related factors, cognitive-affective and somatic-motivational, similar to the factor structure reported in the BDI-II manual. Because the items in the BAI describe the emotional, physiological, and cognitive symptoms of anxiety but not depression, it can . For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. View PDF. First, to determine the most appropriate BDI-II factor structure by examining several competing factor models that have been reported in previous studies. One study involving a confirmatory factor analysis of the CES-D and the original BDI, failed to validate a single-factor model (Skorikov & Vandervoort, 2003). Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. (2005). In 1996, the BDI was revised to include additional items and to reflect changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Beck and colleagues developed the original scale in 1961 for use with adolescents and adults (Dozois, Dobson, & Anhberg, 1998). Read our. Crossref. The original BDI consisted of 21 items, each of which corresponded to a symptom of depression. Or BDI and trauma yielded 681 peer-reviewed journal articles ( 6/05 ) in,. Cause of disability worldwide [ 3 ] with the higher prevalence in low and countries... Corresponded to a symptom of depression danger, call 911 for reuse Hwang ST Hong! Major depressive disorders in adolescent psychiatric inpatients tests or assessments may also conducted! Abuse-Related PTSD symptoms ), 561-571 and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status from and. 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