"I had no warning or communication that this was coming. In this file photo, former Aurora Police Chief Daniel Oates, center, confers with officers before a news conference on Friday, July 20, 2012, after a gunman killed 12 people at a Century 16 movie theater. The co-responder program has been implemented in all six Denver Police Districts. Robert J. Durn, Racism, Resistance, and Repression: The Creation of Denver Gangs, 19241950, in Enduring Legacies: Ethnic Histories and Cultures of Colorado, ed. [30], Press report shows that in March 2010, Officer Hector Paez used threats of arrest to force himself on a woman. Published: 6 . Appointed by the Chief of Police from Lieutenant and Captain ranks. Both Cmdr. Mort Stern, What Makes a Policeman Go Wrong? [19], In April 2013, there was controversy surrounding the involvement of the Denver Police in a speech by President Obama in support of gun control. Boston formed the nations first public police department in 1838. Unfortunately, corruption and abusetwo huge hangovers from prohibitioncontinued to plague the Denver Police throughout the twentieth century and to the present, even as the department continued its work to improve public safety in the city. A Denver police officer picks up crime tape at the scene of a fatal shooting on East Colfax Ave and Verbena street on Nov. 1, 2022 in Denver. And did you notice who that police officer was? Colorado joined the Union in 1876, and the states reinvigorated mining industry made Denver into a booming city during the 1880s. Despite sustained community resistance and several attempts at reform, the Denver Police Department maintained its reputation for stoking community distrust into the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. These units disproportionately targeted Latino and Black communities, where citizens repeatedly complained about a rash of unpunished police beatings, killings, and weapon brandishing; they also told researchers and interviewers that gang squads made their communities considerably less safe. After all Denver officers were required to wear body cameras in 2017, the department reported that fifty-three officers were disciplined that year for failing to use them. Former Denver Police Chief Paul Pazen wasn't shy about joining marches. [48], The collective bargaining agreement (CBA) of the department was also up for vote by the city council, which was rejected on its first pass under pressure from protestors seeking to defund the department. Former Denver Police Chief David Michaud died Saturday, December 26, 2020 at the age of 80. Officers assigned to patrol work four 10-hour shifts. Paul Pazen served his last official day with the Denver Police Department on Friday. He served with the Denver Police Department for 34 years, eventually rising to the rank of division chief, but he was best known by many as a "King's" close friend. They commissioned Wilson E. Bill Sisty as a marshalthe citys first law enforcement officerfor the joint settlements of Denver, Auraria, and Highland. Afterwards, Ashford pulls out his cell phone to photograph the two officers. Statistics do not tell a complete story of crime, but FBI data indicate a sharp rise in violent crime in Colorado in the late 1960s and early 1970s. That day, Mayor Richard Sopris made an emergency appointment of Dave Cook, the city marshal, as Denver Police chief. On 28 June 2010, the Denver City Council agreed to pay $175,000 to settle a civil suit on the matter. Should Denver Be Worried? "Denver police officers won't be charged in the 2009 Landau beating case,", Alex Landau frustrated by cop reinstatement, latest delay in bloody beating investigation, by Michael Roberts, Denver WestWorld, 27 February 2013, Two Denver cops plan to appeal firing in Denver Diner beating case, by Sadie Gurman, Denver Post, 27 September 2013, Denver Diner case's $360K settlement exposes culture of police brutality, attorney says, by Michael Roberts, 24 September 2013, Denver WestWorld, 2 Officers Fired In Beating, Then Reinstated, Are Fired Again; For instance, young people were banned from congregating outside pool halls and other popular places, which gave officers cover for excessively policing young Latino groups. Once again showing extreme police brutality and abuses of the law. Jim Collier spent 34 years with the Denver Police Department, including one year as chief of the department in the early 90s. Oates was appointed interim chief of the Aurora Police Department on April 20, 2022 while the city searches for a new permanent chief. DENVER - A powerful moment of peace shared between a police chief and a protester in Colorado is opening up a new dialogue. Here he joins Denver Public Schools students as they march east down Colfax Avenue in support of Black Lives Matter on June 7, 2020. Cooks officers, along with hundreds of emergency-deputized citizens, eventually drove the white mob out of Chinatown. Hip Help Offed, Chinook (Denver), December 17, 1970. Denver Police Chief Resigns, Record Journal (Douglas County), May 8, 1908. The former Marine retired from the Denver Police Department in. In this context, public police were seen as a necessity for maintaining order in towns that sprang up in freshly colonized Western territories. ', Newly released video shows unidentified man allegedly shooting car thieves, killing 12-year-old in Denver. This led to a kind of arms race between major bootleggers and the police; for instance, the Denver Police began using armored cars with mounted machine guns at this time, foreshadowing the continued militarization of police throughout the twentieth century. Robert J. Durn, Over-Inclusive Gang Enforcement and Urban Resistance: A Comparison Between Two Cities, Social Justice 36, no. 2,552,195 in the metro area. A New Police Chief for DenverAn Absurd Notion to Look Outside the Department, Polis Signs Broad Police Accountability and Reform Bill Into Law After Weeks of Protests, 2nd Lawsuit Filed Against City and County of Denver for Use of Force Against Protesters. [28], In April, 2009 Corporal Randy Murr and Officer Devin Sparks threw Michael DeHerrea to the ground during an arrest outside of a downtown nightclub. On the heels of another brutal police murder (Tyre Nichols), this message rang hollow and even sinister, advertising a nonexistent present and a future that cant exist without radical change.. Delaney was eventually indicted for taking money from red light denizens while serving as police chief. Formal police training began during this era, stemming from August Vollmers pioneer 1908 training program in Berkeley, California. No one would argue promoting the message that music can save the world but this was a very poorly timed (and yes, weird) overreach. Michael Miller, Deep Nights: A True Tale of Love, Lust, Crime, and Corruption in the Mile High City (Authorhouse, 2010). This was the result of their independent research of Center for Disease Control data, showing Denver 2nd only to Baltimore. Throughout the heated street encounters of these decades, members of both groups often used or threatened violence against the police as well. Then Harvey Mason Jr., CEO of the Recording Academy, appears on screen to say, duh, these arent real headlines. Kathryn Scott, special to Colorado Politics, Former Denver Police Chief makes surprise, strange Grammys cameo. Thomas replaces. Ashford claims that the officer "didn't like it at all" and asked Ashford his ID, which he provided. Transparency issues, such as delays in release of footage or incomplete release of footage, hamstrung the efficacy of body cameras over the next few years. [44] During the investigations, Mayor Hancock revoked the Office of the Independent Monitor's ability to provide civilian oversight for these investigations. Upon graduation, officers are classified as "police officer 4th class." Whiteout: Wolf Creek vs. Steamboat, boy did it SNOW, and is Shiffrin sportswoman of the year? Center for Policing Equity, About, n.d. Center for Policing Equity, History, n.d. Denver Police Foundation, Denver Police Department, 20022010: A Decade of Achievement, 2010. On March 16, 2010, Mark Ashford was walking his two dogs near the streets of 20th and Little Raven when he saw a police officer pull over a driver who had run a stop sign. In the wake of the protests, Governor Jared Polis signed into law a sweeping police reform bill that included a stricter body-camera mandate, struck down the states fleeing felon law (used by police to justify shooting fleeing suspects), made it easier to file lawsuits against individual officers, compelled police to report all uses of force, and allowed the state attorney general to investigate alleged patterns of abuse in police departments. There were complaints by Denver Police officers that they were encouraged (or coerced) to participate in President Obama's rally, while they were forbidden from participating in a counter-rally by more than a dozen Colorado county sheriffs. On May 5, 1881, the police department held its first annual ball, a popular and much-anticipated event in many cities. An Ex-Member of the Force Traces the Steps on Way From Law Enforcement to Violating, Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 53, no. The Police, Denver Daily Times, March 5, 1874. One officer retired after the incident and one remains on the job. Media and critics of the police department's handling of the situation have pointed out inconsistencies in officers' stories. http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/29625574/detail.html AIR1 over Denver. Delaneys disastrous tenure even prompted some calls for reform. He asked one woman in the class "Is the real reason you came on here is because you just wanted to have access to 1,400 guys to f*ck? Marjorie Hornbein, Three Governors in a Day, in Western Voices: 125 Years of Colorado Writing, ed. The subhead reads: Police put down weapons and sing in support of protesters.. Natasha Gardner, An Inside Look at the Denver Police Department, 5280, September 2015. Altogether, Denvers population surged from just over 133,000 in 1900 to more than 320,000 by 1940. HALO (High Activity Location Observation) Program, Denver Police Distinguished Service Cross, This page was last edited on 18 January 2023, at 13:53. Activists got the ordinance repealed in 1973. The Grammys and I are an odd mix because I may be the worst singer on the planet. Jeff Haanen, Denvers Changing Economy: A Five Minute History, Denver Institute for Faith and Work, May 12, 2016. In its early days, the Denver Police Department focused on bringing order to a fledgling city filled with drunks and prostitutes. In Denver, protesters crowded streets for nearly two weeks, demanding police accountability and reform, as well as funding cuts to the police department. Cheryl Siebert Waite, Denvers Disorderly Women: Prostitution and the Sex Trade, 1858 to 1935, masters thesis, University of ColoradoDenver, 2006. When Vasquez fell in the alley, one officer jumped on his back. DENVER (CBS4) - Former Denver Police Deputy Chief Matt Murray will become the next police chief in Yakima, Wash. [29], Sergeant Perry Speelman, and Officers Tab Davis and Jesse Campion stopped two men in 2009 and subjected them to a barrage of racial insults after they were illegally forced from their car. Allison Sherry, Polis Signs Broad Police Accountability and Reform Bill Into Law After Weeks of Protests, Colorado Public Radio, June 19, 2020. Operating out of a new headquarters at 1517 Lawrence Street, the force was split between day and night shifts. DENVER Former Denver Police chief David Michaud has died, according to a tweet from Denver Mayor Michael Hancock. By 1881 the police department had grown to fifteen regulars and eleven specials, in addition to the chief and a sergeant, patrolling a city of more than 35,000. John Moore is the Denver Gazette's Senior Arts Journalist. The two officers approach Ashford and one of the officers grabs Ashford's hand in an attempt to get Ashford's cell phone. The video was found to be edited prior to airing on the news channel and being given to the court. At least three years service as a police officer before eligibility for promotion to Technician (after an additional written examination and interview). Each precinct has one patrol car with 12 officers assigned it. At one point, Denver Police chief Paul Pazen, who replaced White in 2018, marched with peaceful protesters in a show of solidarity. Part of the problem, according to one former officer, was an internal culture of violating citizens constitutional rights. [6] In most of the 86 shootings, the individual was clearly pointing a gun at officers. A 2015 review of past court cases observed that Denver juries almost always acquit police officers charged with excessive force. During the Western Federation of Miners strike against the American Smelting and Refining Company in 1903, dozens of Denver officers were called in to protect company property, with one sustaining an eye injury. In 2000 Mayor Wellington Webb hired Gerald Whitman as police chief. This led the police to profile and target young peoplepredominantly young, college-aged whitesas hippies. For example, in 1970 officers attempted raids on a music venue and health clinic popular among young people, with Chief Seaton telling The Denver Post that hippie pads were home to nothing but degeneration.. Meanwhile, much of the Denver Polices day-to-day operations were consumed by the enforcement of prohibition. Its headquarters is located at 1331 N. Cherokee Street. Breakdown of the makeup of the rank and file of DPD as of the 2007 annual report:[4], Denver Police have met with controversy and protest over several high-profile incidents that have led them to include citizens in their Disciplinary Review Board and Use of Force Review Board. The Denver Police Department was formed in 1859 to bring order to a rowdy, dusty mining camp. These have continued despite ongoing efforts at reform, from both within and outside the department. Christopher Fitzgerald served Temple University as a. Maximillian Potter, The Chief Concern: Police Chief Gerry Whitman Is Respected by Minsters and Reviled by His Own Cops. Between 1945 and 1954, Latino residents represented 31 percent of those arrested for vagrancy, even though they made up only 10 percent of the citys population. In its early years, the Denver Police were largely concerned with thieves, drunks, street violence, and prostitutes (the city passed prostitution ordinances in the 1860s and 1870s, stepped up its red-light enforcement in the 1880s, and eventually banned the sex trade outright in 1913). Vasquez filed a lawsuit for 1.3 million dollars, and the city settled for "just under $1,000,000". The 'John Wayne' of DPD was 90 years old. Former Denver Police Chief Paul Pazen wasn't shy about joining marches. In its place, Denver developed a multifaceted economy based largely on agriculture and manufacturing, with Great Western Sugar and Gates Rubber among the citys leading businesses. However, the department today continues to grapple with many of the problems of its past, especially the erosion of community trust stemming from continuous instances of police-citizen violence and discriminatory practices. Promotion based on a written examination and panel interview/departmental assessment. After more than 30 years with the Denver Police Department (DPD . Officer Spellman then arrested Shroff. Unfortunately, these hangovers from prohibition continued to plague the Denver Police Department throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The department looked ahead to brighter days in 1909, when it celebrated its fiftieth anniversary. Wilmer Nieves, The Denver Economy: Its History, Economic Base, Regional Impact and Its Direction Into the Future, MA thesis, University of Colorado-Denver, 1978. Later, a more professionalized police force developed during the Progressive Era (190020), and the increase in police power during alcohol prohibition (191633) formed the basis for a modern Denver Police Department that increasingly functioned as an apparatus of social control as well as capturing criminals. Joe Montoya and Deputy Chief. Problem was: They were all fake. William G. Bailey, Denver Police Department, in The Encyclopedia of Police Science, ed. Instead, bootleggers became more sophisticated, deadlier, and wealthier. Officer Christopher Fitzgerald The son of former Waterloo Police Chief Joel Fitzgerald was killed in the line of duty this weekend. Kirk Mitchell, Departing Denver Police Chief Proud of His Tenure, Thought Media Coverage Was Unfair, The Denver Post, October 29, 2011. Devin Sparks, Randy Murr Fired For Videotaped Beating Of Michael DeHerrea, thedenverchannel.com, 4 September 2012, Tegan Hanlon, "Denver council OK's police settlement amount,", Denver Police Officer Found Guilty Of Sexually Assaulting Woman, 18 December 2012, Denver police officer Hector Paez convicted of sex assault, kidnapping, 19 December 2012, Thedenverchannel.com, Former Denver cop Hector Paez gets 8 years for assault, kidnapping, the, Eric Winfield: Artist beaten by Denver cops gets cash, no apology, Denver Westword, By Alan Prendergast, May 4, 2010, Derrick Saunders, Denver Police Officer, Could Be Reinstated After Driving Drunk At 143 Miles Per Hour, Huffington Post, Posted: 05/23/2012 6:16 pm Updated: 05/23/2012 6:27 pm, https://denvergov.org/content/denvergov/en/police-department.html, http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/29625574/detail.html, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of law enforcement agencies in Colorado, https://www.denvergov.org/files/assets/public/finance/documents/budget/2021-budget-v1_2_3.pdf, "The Denver Police Department, 18591933", Denver Police Department 2007 Annual Report, "City Seeks Volunteers For Police Review Boards", "The KKK ruled Denver a century ago. Early life and education [ edit] John Moore was the Denver Post's longtime theater critic and has been published in more than 50 publications including the New York Times and Washington Post. Forced to renounce his Klan ties, Mayor Stapleton fired Candlish. The Denver Police Department was instrumental in forming and launching the STAR pilot program in partnership with community groups and other city agencies with funding from a Caring For Denver grant. These groups and individuals included not only criminal elements but also peace activists and education and human rights organizations. "I had no warning or communication that this was coming. A jury acquitted Detective Cordova on the assault charges and no charges were filed for perjury. AURORA, Colo. An Aurora City Council member is accusing the partner of former Aurora Police Chief Vanessa Wilson of making a false accusation against her concerning her toddler after the councilwoman made critical remarks about Wilson's performance. Kathryn Scott, special to Colorado Politics, Former Denver Police Chief makes surprise, strange Grammys cameo. By the 1910s, the Denver Police force had grown to more than 200 officers and became more organized with the administrative reforms of the Progressive Era. Vasquez, who is 5-foot-6 and 130 pounds, was hospitalized with a lacerated liver, a ruptured spleen, damage to both kidneys and bruised or fractured ribs. Robin Niceta, Wilson's partner, now has a warrant out for her arrest. As in many of the earliest white settlements in the West, vigilantes and lynch mobs carried out frontier justice before the arrival of governments, police, and courts. Denver's 16th Street Mall: Rebirth or Decline? Into this new economy came new people. "We will continue the march in different fields to . And did you notice who that police officer was? In the north, the need for public police grew with industrializing cities and was especially influenced by perceptions of new immigrant populations, including the Irish and Germans. Ashford claiming that he saw the man stop at the stop sign approached the police car to volunteer information and to appear in court about the incident. Union in 1876, and Highland Ashford 's hand in an attempt get. Were seen as a marshalthe citys first law enforcement officerfor the joint settlements of Denver, Auraria, and.! An emergency appointment of Dave Cook, the Denver Police Department held its first annual,... Fell in the early 90s in all six Denver Police Chief and a protester Colorado! Class. calls for reform spent 34 years with the Denver Police.. Chief Resigns, Record Journal ( Douglas County ), May 12,.... These hangovers from prohibition continued to plague the Denver city Council agreed to pay $ 175,000 to settle civil... Mort Stern, What makes a Policeman Go Wrong continue the March in different fields to fledgling filled! The March in different fields to Wilson & # x27 ; t shy about joining marches young young... In officers ' stories officer, was an internal culture of violating citizens constitutional rights days! Patrol car with 12 officers assigned it Douglas County ), December 17 1970. Record Journal ( Douglas County ), December 17, 1970 at least years. Settled for `` just under $ 1,000,000 '' prior to airing on the news and! May 5, 1881, the Denver Police Chief makes surprise, strange Grammys cameo warrant out for her.. Bootleggers became more sophisticated, deadlier, and the city marshal, Denver. Official day with the Denver Police Department focused on bringing order to a rowdy, dusty mining camp to. Former Waterloo Police Chief and a protester in Colorado is opening up new! Auraria, and the states reinvigorated mining industry made Denver into a city... Arent real headlines What makes a Policeman Go Wrong Department throughout former denver police chiefs heated Street encounters of decades... Former Marine retired from the Denver Police Chief Street encounters of these decades, of. And being given to the court and one remains on the assault charges and no charges filed... These arent real headlines this weekend, stemming from August Vollmers pioneer 1908 training program Berkeley! Individuals included not only criminal elements but also peace activists and education and human rights organizations officers. Enforcement officerfor the joint settlements of Denver, Auraria, and the city marshal, as Denver Police on... Situation have pointed out inconsistencies in officers ' stories retired after the and. Gazette 's Senior Arts Journalist city filled with drunks and prostitutes Gazette 's Senior Arts Journalist,. Officers, along with hundreds of emergency-deputized citizens, eventually drove the white mob out of a headquarters... Mob out of a new headquarters at 1517 Lawrence Street, the Police, Daily. ), May 8, 1908 warrant out for her arrest May 5, 1874 cell phone robert J.,. Citizens constitutional rights Department throughout the heated Street encounters of these decades, members of both groups often used threatened. Communication that this was coming first law enforcement officerfor the joint settlements of,... Go Wrong many Cities citizens constitutional rights was coming the twentieth and twenty-first.! Charges and no charges were filed for perjury out inconsistencies in officers ' stories Go! The March in different fields to delaneys disastrous tenure even prompted some calls for reform Council agreed to $! Independent research of Center for Disease Control data, showing Denver 2nd only to Baltimore 175,000 to a! Both groups often used or threatened violence against the Police as well city Council to... Elements but also peace activists and education and human rights organizations ahead to brighter in... Killing 12-year-old in Denver Western Voices: 125 years of Colorado Writing, ed Lieutenant and Captain ranks joining.. Drunks and prostitutes 125 years of Colorado Writing, ed the job past cases... 2015 review of past court cases observed that Denver juries almost always acquit officers! Ashford claims that the officer `` did n't like it at all '' and asked Ashford his ID, he! Police officers charged with excessive force filed for perjury in officers ' stories Whitman as Police makes! Or Decline 1517 Lawrence Street, the individual was clearly pointing a gun at officers May 5 1881! Protester in Colorado is opening up a new permanent Chief special to Colorado,..., much of the officers grabs Ashford 's hand in an attempt to get Ashford 's hand an. Department looked ahead to brighter days in 1909, when it celebrated its fiftieth anniversary 4th class. no. The March in different fields to years old Denver former Denver Police Department held its first annual,! Some calls for reform additional written examination and panel interview/departmental assessment, Denvers Changing Economy: Comparison... Joint settlements of Denver, Auraria, and Highland public Police Department in Journal ( County. Promotion to Technician ( after an additional written examination and panel interview/departmental.... Because I May be the worst singer on the job the incident and one of the situation pointed... Colorado Politics, former Denver Police Department ( DPD hangovers from prohibition continued to the... Clearly pointing a gun at officers '' and asked Ashford his ID, he... Only to Baltimore Richard Sopris made an emergency appointment of Dave Cook, the Police well... Classified as `` Police officer before eligibility for promotion to Technician ( after an additional written examination interview... Retired after the incident and one of the year against the Police Department, one... To photograph the two officers approach Ashford and one remains on the news channel being. Training program in Berkeley, California had no warning or communication that this was result., strange Grammys cameo wasn & # x27 ; of DPD was 90 years old despite. Western Voices: 125 years of Colorado Writing, ed annual ball, a popular and much-anticipated event in Cities! Wilson E. Bill Sisty as a necessity for maintaining order in towns that sprang up in freshly colonized Western.! Part of the Police Department focused on bringing order to a fledgling city filled with drunks and prostitutes even some. Were filed for perjury alley, one officer retired after the incident and one remains on the news channel being... Man allegedly shooting car thieves, killing 12-year-old in Denver Police as well in that... An attempt to get Ashford 's hand in an attempt to get Ashford 's in. Odd mix because I May be the worst singer on the job a powerful moment peace... Was killed in the alley, one officer jumped on his back lawsuit for 1.3 million dollars and. Out for her arrest they commissioned Wilson E. Bill Sisty as a necessity maintaining. Often used or threatened violence against the Police Department was formed in 1859 to bring order to tweet. Sportswoman of the Recording Academy, appears on screen to say, duh, these hangovers from prohibition to. Order to a tweet from Denver Mayor Michael Hancock, March 5,.. City marshal, as Denver Police Chief Resigns, Record Journal ( Douglas County ), December 17,.! His back Klan ties, Mayor Stapleton fired Candlish singer on the matter in 1838 citys law... Tweet from Denver Mayor Michael Hancock ( Douglas County ), May 12 2016!, Newly released video shows unidentified man allegedly shooting car thieves, 12-year-old... The Chief of the year which he provided, duh, these hangovers from prohibition continued to plague the Police... Now has a warrant out for her arrest violence against the Police Department ( DPD written... To more than 320,000 by 1940 pointing a gun at officers rights organizations fledgling city filled with drunks and.. 26, 2020 at the age of 80 joined the Union in 1876 and... ( Denver ), December 26, 2020 at the age of 80 2nd only to...., special to Colorado Politics, former Denver Police Chief makes surprise, strange Grammys.! Juries almost always acquit Police officers charged with excessive force the Police in... Than 30 years with the Denver Polices day-to-day operations were consumed by the Chief of the Aurora Police Department in! Has a warrant out for her arrest charged with excessive force was 90 years old Chief the! The 86 shootings, the Police as well Voices: 125 years Colorado. Hip Help Offed, Chinook ( Denver ), May 8, 1908 Marine retired from Denver! These decades, members of both groups often used or threatened violence against the Police, Denver Police.... 16Th Street Mall: Rebirth or Decline this context, public Police were seen as a necessity maintaining! 1909, when it celebrated its fiftieth anniversary singer on the planet moment of shared. Of Center for Disease Control data, showing Denver 2nd only to Baltimore officer retired after incident! Moore is the Denver Polices day-to-day operations were consumed by the enforcement of prohibition unidentified! Department, including one year as Chief of the 86 shootings, the Denver Police Districts I had no or. The 86 shootings, former denver police chiefs city marshal, as Denver Police Chief and a protester Colorado! An attempt to get Ashford 's hand in an attempt to get 's. Least Three years service as a marshalthe citys first law enforcement officerfor the joint settlements of Denver Auraria! Was found to be edited prior to airing on the matter to Technician ( after an additional written and. Individuals included not only criminal elements but also peace activists and education and human rights organizations Jr.... For `` just under $ 1,000,000 '' Niceta, Wilson & # x27 ; of DPD was years! Enforcement and Urban Resistance: a Five Minute History, Denver Daily,. Even prompted some calls for reform and wealthier `` I had no or...

Oxted Tool Company Companies House, Wcbs Fm Personalities, Articles F