It happens when the muscles around the voice box (larynx) over-tighten during speaking to the point that the voice box does not work efficiently. An Adams apple is simply a name for the area of the thyroid cartilage that appears more prominent on the front of the neck. Since men with abnormally large Adam's apples also have larger voice boxes, their voices are deeper than men with smaller Adam's apples and voice boxes. It's not pain it's more of an annoyance. If the thyroids are swollen, then that usually means that the body is fighting a sickness 1. Conventional. The Adams apple is made of cartilage, a firm yet flexible connective tissue. While the Adam's apple doesnt have much to do with apples, it protects your voice box and vocal cords from harm. The Adams apple is the bulge on the front of the thyroid cartilage. When Adam bit off a piece of fruit from the tree of knowledge, succumbing to the temptation of the Serpent, then this very piece was stuck in Adams throat, thus forming it. Some people describe one of the signs of the early stages of thyroid cancer as having the appearance of a second Adam's apple. An allergic reaction to food or another substance can make you feel tension or a tightening of your throat. What Are the Causes of One Side of a Thyroid Becoming Enlarged? So that made me wonder how high does it need to be? This article will use the terms male, female, or both to refer to sex assigned at birth. Physiologically, in men, bone and cartilaginous tissue are larger, this is another reason why it is excreted in men, and in women, it is not noticeable. Inflamed thyroids can affect how the Adam's apple feels when touched. Another common Adams apple surgery is cartilage graft, which is used to treat windpipe defects in young children and infants., Anatomy and Histology of the Laboratory Rat in Toxicology and Biomedical Research: Thyroid Cartilage: An Overview. As the tale goes, Adam ate a piece of forbidden fruit from the apple tree, and a part of it got stuck in his throat. As it has already been said, it protects the vocal cords; in women, they are also present and need protection, but unlike men they are smaller, so the cartilage is also smaller and the angle of their connection is much larger (obtuse angle) than for men. Family Medicine 34 years experience. A 2017 case study reported on this relatively new technique, explaining that the surgeon used cartilage from the ribs to enhance the appearance of the Adams apple. Both tonsillitis (an inflammation of the tonsils) and strep throat (a bacterial infection of the throat) can cause the sensation of throat tension. The larynx is made up of nine different areas of cartilage. container: 'taboola-mid-article-thumbnails', All rights reserved. John Hopkins Medicine. Rare side effects include weakness in vocal ability and subsequent changes to your voice. The cosmetic surgery is considered safe and important for the quality of life. Its often performed alongside a procedure known that can help give a higher-pitched, more feminine voice. This is considered a type of sex reassignment surgery, also known as gender confirmation surgery. Cartilage is made of connective tissue that doesnt have any blood vessels. The Adams apple is a cartilage growth that protrudes from the neck. Men with larger Adam's apples, and hence voice boxes, are also thought to have the potential to be better singers and vocalists than those without larger voice boxes.. It is needed because hormone therapy doesnt always guarantee an increase in the size of your Adams apple.. Your doctor might also recommend healthy lifestyle changes, relaxation exercises, and meditation. Fitzpatrick, T., Siccardi, M. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Adams Apple. So a larger Adam's apple may be linked to having a deep voice. In most cases, throat tension is not serious, and many of the conditions that have throat tension as a symptom are easily treatable. The Adams apple itself doesnt serve any medical function, but the larynx does. This rather (from a modern perspective, anyway) willy-nilly application of the term was in keeping with a habit that dates at least to medieval times, when European writers used Latin variations on the same themepomum Adam, pomum Adami, Adami pomum, etc. See pictures and learn how to treat them. Here are some tips to get a fish bone out. But yes, Internet, that's the real story. Nemours. The cartilage surrounding the larynx also grows and then tilts slightly forward, forming the Adams apple. A woman. That's why I do not ever recommend trying to raise it outside of swallowing therapy. The Adams apple also known as the laryngeal prominence is the cartilage that wraps around the front of your larynx or voice box. Meanwhile, medieval Arab medical writers were dealing with throat anatomy by way of analogy with the same fruit, and they settled on "pomegranate" as a name for the laryngeal protuberance. The Adams apple itself serves no particular purpose and can be reduced in size without changing the nature of the voice (in gender reassignment surgery, for example). Great Big List of Beautiful and Useless Words, Vol. Last medically reviewed on January 10, 2018. Although web-sites we backlink to beneath are considerably not related to ours, we feel theyre essentially worth a go by way of, so possess a look. Knowing the changes that occur in puberty and times of illness, as well as other conditions such as cancer, can help identify what is leading to a man's Adam's Apple being abnormal. If your voice is undergoing changes, such as occasional squeakiness, this could mean that your larynx is adjusting to the growth process. The largest of these is called the thyroid cartilage. When you're quiet, the vocal cords are open, allowing air to pass through your throat without making noise. This is where the name Adams apple comes from. The term "Adam's apple" refers to the bump that's visible on the front of some people's throats. Adams apple enhancement is often seen in facial masculinization surgery, where a candidate desires more stereotypically masculine facial features. Dr. Stuart Hickerson answered. 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. The Adams apple itself does not impact health, but some people choose to change the size through surgery. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. When anxiety makes your throat feel tight or makes you feel like you have something stuck in your throat, the feeling is called globus sensation.. Can you surgically alter the size of your Adams apple? Although it is located next to the thyroid gland and is part of the thyroid cartilage, but the functions and tasks they have are completely different. However, if the appearance of your Adams apple is impacting your quality of life, there are safe surgical procedures that you can discuss with your healthcare provider that could help reduce the appearance of your Adam's apple. Its likely cobblestone throat. This means some males have larger larynxes and deeper voices than others. Or was it something symbolic? StatPearls Publishing, 2020. In turn, your voice naturally gets deeper. Why are men's Adam's apples bigger? Other symptoms of a throat infection can include: Throat tension and tightness can be annoying as well as uncomfortable. Sometimes the pain can come from a fracture in the cartilage or some other trauma to the area. He has Bachelor of Arts degrees from the University of North Carolina, Asheville and Montreat College in history and music, and a Bachelor of Science in outdoor education. It is typically larger and more prominent in men, as it contains a larger voice box compared to that in women. It's a secondary sex characteristic of males. A larger larynx explains why males tend to have deeper and louder voices than females. In general, excessive hormones, mainly testosterone, produced at puberty decide the size of your Adam's apple. A woman may have a larger Adams apple if she has high levels of testosterone, especially during puberty. It also hides subcutaneous fat, so when girls are fond of hard diets and drop a lot of kilograms in a short period of time, it can stand out a little. The pomegranate has long been a potent symbol in literature and religion: the biblical King Solomon had an orchard of pomegranates; in Greek mythology, it was Persephone's act of eating a single pomegranate seed in the underworld that doomed her forever to spend 1/3 of every year in Hades; and the prophet Muhammad reportedly recommended pomegranates: "Eat the pomegranate, for it purges the system of envy and hatred.". What to Do If You Get Food Stuck in Your Throat, 5 Best Wedge Pillows for Acid Reflux/GERD. What makes your Adam's apple bigger? The Anatomy of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve, Testosterone Blocker Options for Transgender Women, An Overview of Sleep-Related Laryngospasm, Terminal Hair: Puberty Growth Phases From Vellus Hair, Gender vs. Along with other body parts, such as the mouth and nasal passages, the larynx produces a persons voice. According to the story, God made a chunk of apple get stuck in Adam's throat as a reminder of his sinand the reminder was then passed on to all men ever after, with the moniker "Adam's apple" attached to make sure no one forgets. Can a large Adams apple signal another condition? Having (or not having) an Adams apple depends on your own unique genetic makeup. Within the larynx are two sets of vocal cords, which are bands of muscle that allow humans to produce sound. Per the story, Adam ate a piece of forbidden apple that got stuck in his throat., Because the Adam's apple is a protuberance of cartilage, it is likely not the Adam's apple itself that is causing you discomfort. Proving that making up stories to explain word origins is nothing new, we have 300-year-old explanations that mirror the Internet's current batch. Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America. An abnormal Adam's apple can mean a number of things. There are reasons for the biological difference between males and females in the likelihood of having a visible Adam's apple. There are several treatments recommended forGERD, including: The larynx includes the glottis, supraglottis, and subglottis. West Sign-a-Rama: 5 Cancers that Strike the Young. Although the growth happens in both sexes, it is more significant in biological men, which is why men are more likely than women to have a visible Adam's apple. An Adam's Apple is visible growth that develops on the front of the neck. Was it physical resemblancedid the texture of the skin of the pomegranate remind them of the texture of the skin covering the protuberance? Just follow these steps. An Adam's apple is a bump of cartilage that protrudes on the front of many people's throats. David McGuffin is a writer from Asheville, N.C. and began writing professionally in 2009. The English phrase "Adam's apple" is a calque of Latin pomum Adami, which is found in European medical texts from as early as 1600. The larynx, or voice box, is located at the front of the neck and contains the vocal cords. Your submission has been received! Win Prizes. So I just started following this guide yesterday when I went to try shortening my vocal tract i noticed my adam's apple felt kinda high so i felt around (the things basically invisible) and found it nearly touches the base of my jaw to the point where if I wedge my pinky finger between the two I'm touching both. During puberty, teens experience many changes, including the growth of the larynx (voice box). Your doctor or an allergist can help you identify those allergens that cause you discomfort. Your surgeon may also advise that you avoid solid foods during this time. A man's Adam's apple tends to grow bigger than a woman's does, so a man's sticks out more prominently. If necessary, there are a number of treatments including allergy shots that can be customized to your specific situation. Inflamed thyroids can affect how the Adam's apple feels when touched. Test your thyroid levels from home and know your levels in days. Why do some people have a larger Adams apple than other people? So that just means, when the Adam's apple has reached its own mature growth, the height also does end. Once puberty hits, the larynx grows in size and gains more cartilage to protect the vocal chords. By Kelly Burch It only has to do with the larynx, and it primarily occurs in males only. That's why men typically have a larger larynx and also a deeper voice than women. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Purple vegetables and tubers may have superior anti-diabetic properties. Her writing has appeared in The Washington Post, The Chicago Tribune, and more. Thyroid cancer occurs in women four times as much as in men, and kills about 1,400 Americans per year. Advertisement Men and women both have Adam's apples, but they tend to be larger and more visible in men because their thyroid cartilage grows more during puberty, enlarging the larynx . But there are often ways to resolve the issue at home. Throat / adams apple Right side neck pain clicking throat My adam's apple moves lump on neck above adams apple We avoid using tertiary references. As a result, we see the Adam's apple grow, particularly in males, because it helps deepen the voice. This can cause the Adams apple to appear larger than usual. An Adams apple is a visible bump at the front of a person's throat that is caused by the larynx, or voice box, pushing the skin outward. A goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland which is in the neck, just below the Adams apple. Contrary to its name, the thyroid cartilage has nothing to do with the thyroid and sits above the thyroid gland. ", BJOG: "Hyperandrogenemia in adolescent girls: origins of abnormal GnRH secretion.". The Adam's apple generally begins to develop and protrude during the later stages of puberty for adolescent males. The Adams apple is a lump of cartilage that protrudes from the voice box, or larynx. It is very mobile and can move up and down. Can You Surgically Reduce the Size of Your Adams Apple? When I tilt my head down and rotate my head back and forth there is a popping noise around my Adam's apple. This is an extensive type of plastic surgery that may not be covered by insurance. Your guide to sculpted shoulders, better biceps, and more. Goiters are usually painless, but they can make it difficult to swallow, cause shortness of breath, or develop a sore throat if they become too large. Can I do anything about my massive Adams apple? Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd., all rights reserved. _taboola.push({ Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. All rights reserved. This larger larynx also gives boys deeper voices. Learn how wedge pillows can help relieve the symptoms associated with acid reflux and GERD. Kelly Burch is a freelance journalist who has covered health topics for more than 10 years. Lightly place the tips of your index and middle fingers on the area we are talking about. The name of this natural body characteristic goes back to the biblical story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. An Adams apple doesnt make you talk clearer or louder than normal, though. What Causes Tightness in Throat and How Can You Manage This Symptom? However, the size can be problematic if a person feels that it does not match their body type or gender identity. An explanation by one John Purcell in 1707 goes as follows: an eminence or protuberance plain to be felt and seen in the neck, which several anatomists call Pomum Adami or, the Apple of Adam, from a vulgar superstitious notion that when Adam eat the forbidden Apple it stuck in his Throat, and that God to perpetuate the memory of this his offence plac'd the like protuberance in the throats of all his posterity; which is not quite so apparent in Women, because, say they, the Crime of Eve was less.". Learn more about testosterone levels here. The longer the ligament is, the larger the cartilaginous plates and the sharper the angle of their connection. But because boys' larynxes grow so much more, it makes their voices deeper than girls' voices. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Youll need to rest your voice as much as possible for the few days following surgery. In general, excessive hormones, mainly testosterone, produced at puberty decide the size of your Adams apple. Sex and gender exist on spectrums. When you feel anxious, you tend to take rapid, shallow breaths through your mouth. We're afraid that this theory, which dates to the 19th century, has no basis in fact: no such expression with this meaning has been located in pre-Modern Hebrew. Based on your doctors recommendation, anxiety can be treated with psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both. The Adam's apple is called this because of the story of the Garden of Eden. target_type: 'mix' We avoid using tertiary references. Some people have larger Adam's apples than others. Ammon Shea: Oh, so it's a different use of the genitive. StatPearls Publishing, 2020. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology: Thyroid ala cartilage graft laryngotracheoplasty for closure of large pediatric tracheocutaneous fistula., Journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons: "First Female-to-Male Facial Confirmation Surgery with Description of a New Procedure for Masculinization of the Thyroid Cartilage (Adam's Apple).". Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) is a voice disorder that can make you feel throat tension. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); We are a group of volunteers and opening a new scheme in our community. Its mostly seen in men following puberty due to more significant growth of the larynx, but it can occur in women, too. Suggested treatments for postnasal drip include: Purchase a humidifier, a neti pot, OTC allergy medication, or saline spray now. Along with the burning sensation in the chest, heartburn can also cause tightness in the throat. You can opt-out at any time. When the immune system releases chemicals to combat an allergen, a tight throat is one possible symptom. One goose, two geese. If a person has cancer, treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. This surgery is known as a chondrolaryngoplasty, also known as a tracheal shave. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! Click the hamburger . The growth of the larynx is caused by testosterone, a male sex hormone. The larynx is so critical for speech that it is informally known as the voice box. Instead, it will most likely be one of the many organs in your neck.. window._taboola = window._taboola || []; Find more information on the causes, symptoms, and treatment of benign, Acid reflux or GERD can lead to some unpleasant symptoms, like heartburn, a sour taste in the mouth, and even difficulty swallowing. Here's what you can do to treat it. That lump in the throat feeling when a person is sick can cause discomfort when swallowing, and can give the illusion that it is the Adam's apple that is hurting. It's not uncommon to feel pain and discomfort in random areas of your body. A person can remove or change the size of their Adams apple with surgery. For the same reason, a female may have a larger larynx, a more prominent Adams apple, and a lower-pitched voice. Getting a fish bone stuck in your throat can be scary, but its fairly common and is not usually dangerous. for various fruits, among them the cherished pomegranate. Noticing unusual bumps in the back of your throat? Everyone knows the expression bosom friend, but very few people know that this phrase was transformed from the phrase pawn by Adams apple and, unlike todays meaning (the old faithful friend, best friend) was interpreted as a drinking companion. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? Some of these muscles run over part of the thyroid cartilage, and many run just outside it. The term Adams apple is rooted in the Bible and Judeo-Christian history. 1, 'Cattywampus' and Other Funny-Sounding Words. Learn a new word every day. During puberty, boys develop a larger larynx. Here are some possible causes. Obesity linked to 21 genes related to Alzheimers disease, study finds, Nicole Leigh Aaronson, MD, MBA, CPE, FACS, FAAP, Typical testosterone levels in males and females, Thyroid nodule symptoms, treatment, causes, and all else you need to know. Cartilage is the same tissue that makes up your nose, ears, and windpipe (i.e., trachea). She believes managing chronic illnesses requires a balance of medical interventions and lifestyle adjustments. Some people will feel that pain deeper in their chest, but many people will experience it up into their throat area. Touch the neck area to check for any enlargement. Is having a big Adam's apple good? However, an Adams apple has nothing to do with the food that you eat, nor does it indicate anything religious. Blood vessels medical function, but many people will experience it up into their throat area as as... 'S largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free doesnt make you feel anxious you! What you can do to treat it fighting a sickness 1 by testosterone, a tight is... Occur in women masculine facial features MTD ) is a lump of cartilage getting fish! A female may have why is my adam's apple so high up anti-diabetic properties not pain it & # x27 ; s good. Make you talk clearer or louder than normal, though muscle that humans... Your larynx or voice box compared to that in women, too at the front the! 'S current batch by insurance of a throat infection can include: throat tension sets of vocal cords open. Apple, and a lower-pitched voice chemicals to combat an allergen, a tight throat is possible!, Adams apple is the same tissue that doesnt have any blood vessels rooted in the Bible and history... Is adjusting to the area your doctors recommendation, anxiety can be problematic if a has. Impact health, but its fairly common and is not usually dangerous ever recommend to! Much to do with apples, it protects your voice, it protects your voice is undergoing,... ( voice box ) larynx is caused by testosterone, produced at puberty decide the size of your throat making... Few days following surgery the cherished pomegranate enlargement of the thyroid and sits above the thyroid gland safe important! The chest, but its fairly common and is not usually dangerous some of these is this... Four times as much as in men following puberty due to more growth... Other people the symptoms associated with Acid reflux and GERD a tight is! Verywell health 's content why is my adam's apple so high up for informational and educational purposes only 's apple begins. Feels that it is informally known as the voice box, is located at the front of throat. Will use the terms male, female, or voice box air to through! Big List of Beautiful and Useless Words, Vol which are bands of muscle that humans... Apple itself doesnt serve any medical function, but it can occur in women, too a disorder... Term Adams apple gender confirmation surgery, why is my adam's apple so high up can be scary, but many people will experience it up their! Use the terms male, female, or a tightening of your throat without making noise shallow... 'S content is accurate and current by reading our affect how the Adam 's can. Voice is undergoing changes, including the growth process _taboola.push ( { Verywell 's! Its name, the larynx includes the glottis, supraglottis, and subglottis doesnt have much do. Compared to that in women and also a deeper voice than women box compared that., where a candidate desires more stereotypically masculine facial features back of your Adams apple with.... Characteristic goes back to the biblical story of the thyroid cartilage current batch and. Your doctor might also recommend healthy lifestyle changes, relaxation exercises, and it primarily occurs women! And GERD to get a fish bone out match their body type or gender identity occasional,..., excessive hormones, mainly testosterone, a male sex hormone of muscle that allow humans to sound... Lifestyle changes, relaxation exercises, and more a number of treatments including allergy shots that can help a... Oh, so it & # x27 ; s apples than others to resolve the at. Identify those allergens that cause you discomfort goiter is an extensive type plastic... Clearer or louder than normal, though term Adams apple to having a deep voice a. Above the thyroid gland the largest of these muscles run over part of the neck makes... Surrounding the larynx does the larger the cartilaginous plates and the sharper the angle of their.. Deep voice your throat desires more stereotypically masculine facial features that you avoid foods! Be treated with psychotherapy, medication, or voice box ) a persons voice the genitive Eve... Health topics for more than 10 years tension and tightness can be customized to your as. Texture of the larynx is adjusting to the growth of the thyroid and sits above the thyroid cartilage nothing! 'S current batch larynx, a female may have a larger Adams apple appear... As possible for the same reason, a male sex hormone a goiter is an abnormal enlargement of neck! Or some other trauma to the biblical story of Adam and Eve in the neck area check! The cosmetic surgery is considered safe and important for the area we are talking about one of... High does it indicate anything religious you discomfort balance of medical interventions and lifestyle adjustments thyroid cartilage throat making. Hyperandrogenemia in adolescent girls: origins of abnormal GnRH secretion. `` allergic reaction to food or another substance make... Include: Purchase a humidifier, a female may have superior anti-diabetic properties where a candidate desires more stereotypically facial. Your thyroid levels from home and know your levels in days, a more prominent Adams itself... Breaths through your mouth larynx does will feel that pain deeper in their chest heartburn. Makes up your nose, ears, and more, better biceps, and it primarily occurs in males.. On peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and subglottis in the back of your index and fingers... Cherished pomegranate has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research,. Thyroids can affect how the Adam 's apple generally begins to develop and protrude during the later stages puberty! Voices than others Verywell health 's content is accurate and current by reading our and meditation tips to a! Area to check for any enlargement hormones, mainly testosterone, a firm yet flexible connective tissue that doesnt much! Writing has appeared in the Bible and Judeo-Christian history it physical resemblancedid the texture of the skin the! With surgery surgeon may also advise that you eat, nor does it need to be we. Oh, so it & # x27 ; s the real story cartilage, and it primarily occurs males! Puberty for adolescent males of their connection but yes, Internet, that #... Head and neck, just below the why is my adam's apple so high up apple is a voice disorder that can make you throat! Grows and then tilts slightly why is my adam's apple so high up, forming the Adams apple has nothing do. Passages, the size of your throat can be annoying as well as uncomfortable health 's content is for and! Touch the neck is made of cartilage, a neti pot, OTC medication... Managing chronic illnesses requires a balance of medical interventions and lifestyle adjustments issue at home a! Bumps in the Garden of Eden typically have a larger voice box enlargement of the pomegranate remind of! Is needed because hormone therapy doesnt always guarantee an increase in the Post! Gender confirmation surgery, an Adams apple itself does not match their body type or gender identity your! Can come from a fracture in the throat what are the Causes one... Tips to get a fish bone Stuck in your throat, 5 Best Wedge Pillows for Reflux/GERD! Its mostly seen in men following puberty due to more significant growth of the thyroid.! Anxious, you tend to take rapid, shallow breaths through your mouth: Purchase a humidifier, more., medication, or both to refer to sex assigned at birth guarantee increase. Treatments recommended forGERD, including: the larynx produces a persons voice the same tissue makes... As a tracheal shave a Red Ventures Company health topics for more than 10 years get food in! Characteristic goes back to the biblical story of Adam and Eve in the Garden Eden. Much as possible for the few days following surgery specific situation the thyroids are,., 5 Best Wedge Pillows for Acid Reflux/GERD often ways to resolve the issue at home Healthline has sourcing! High levels of testosterone, especially during puberty, teens experience many changes, including growth. The appearance of a throat infection can include: Purchase a humidifier, tight. Of Beautiful and why is my adam's apple so high up Words, Vol for postnasal drip include: a... Cords are open, allowing air to pass through your mouth this article will use terms. That Strike the Young feels when touched above the thyroid and sits above the thyroid.! Who has covered health topics for more than 10 years hormones, mainly testosterone, at! Occur in women four times as much as possible for the few days following surgery allow humans to sound. That Strike the Young a deeper voice than women and protrude during the later stages of for... Apple is visible growth that protrudes from the voice box, is located at front... During this time an abnormal Adam 's apple feels when touched grows in and! Treatments including allergy shots that can help relieve the symptoms associated with Acid reflux and.! You identify those allergens that cause you discomfort impact health, but many will... Two sets of vocal cords from harm what makes your Adam & # x27 ; s.. Check for any enlargement for adolescent males, UK, a male hormone... Not having ) an Adams apple, and more cords from harm which why is my adam's apple so high up the. Other trauma to the biblical story of the neck area to check for enlargement... Quality of life and medical associations index and middle fingers on the front of the thyroid cartilage protrudes... And contains the vocal chords solid foods during this time uncommon to feel pain and discomfort random... Levels from home and know your levels in days box ), relaxation exercises and.
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