The Puerto Rico Trench, in contrast, is situated at a boundary between two plates that The trench is shallower where the component of subduction is larger. This study aims to explore the utility of bathymetric spectral decomposition in order to separate and char, The submerged carbonate platform north of Puerto Rico terminates in a high (3,0004,000 m) and in places steep (>45) slope characterized by numerous landslide scarps including two 3050 km-wide amphitheater-shaped features. Finally, a thick limestone platform, which was originally deposited in flat layers near sea level, is now tilted northward at a uniform angle. Search for other works by this author on: Some aspects of the gravity field and tectonics of the northern Caribbean region, Trans, Fifth Carib. Probability for damaging ground motion at San Juan and Mayaguez in comparison to other seismic high-risk areas in the U.S. (e.g. Well-documented slab tears that are associated with high rates of intermediate-depth seismicity are considered here: Gibraltar arc, the southern and northern ends of the Lesser Antilles arc, and the northern end of Tonga trench. The Puerto Rico Trench, in contrast, is located at a boundary between two plates that slide past each other with only a small component of subduction. Finally, a thick limestone platform, which was originally deposited in flat layers near sea level, is now tilted northward at a uniform angle. The Bouguer, free-air, and isostatic gravity anomalies are each based on different theoretical corrections to the value of gravity. Use, Smithsonian Gravity anomalies and the origin of the Puerto Rico Trench | Geophysical Journal International | Oxford Academic Abstract. At a minimum, these include the tidal correction gtid, the terrain correction gT, and the free air correction gFA. An official website of the United States government. The Okeanos Explorer is also providing opportunity for additional partners to do surveys of opportunity while at sea. We study the oblique convergence of the NOAM and CARIB plates between southeastern Cuba to northern Puerto Rico, A post-hurricane survey of a Caribbean island affords comparisons with geologic evidence for greater overwash at the same place. ago over a time period as short as 14-40 Strike-slip faults in the forearc region of a subduction zone often present significant seismic hazard because of their proximity to population centers. Some reports indicate that nearly 1,800 people drowned. Salt domes are typically expressed in gravity maps as lows, because salt has a low density compared to the rocks the dome intrudes. This comparison, though of limited application to other places, helps calibrate coastal geology for assessment of earthquake and tsunami potential along the Antilles Subduction Zone. The intensity assignments and the attenuation re, Finding Seafloor Faults Linked to Puerto Rico Quake. The origin of the steep platform edge and the amphitheaters has been attributed to: (1) catastrophic failure, or (2) localized failures and progressive erosion. Different theoretical models will include different corrections to the value of gravity, and so a gravity anomaly is always specified with reference to a particular model. Its northward edge is at a depth of 4,200 m, and its southern edge can be found on land in Puerto Rico at an elevation of a few hundred meters. Correcting for these effects removed most of this anomaly. Subsequent cooling thickens the lithosphere again and subsidence takes place. The transit area is in the Western Atlantic Ocean from Rhode Island straight to Puerto Rico. The trench is less deep where the component of subduction is larger. Event l, Active tectonic regions where plate boundaries transition from subduction to strike slip can take several forms, such as triple junctions, acute, and obtuse corners. The trench is less deep where the component of subduction is larger. Location of earthquakes as a function of depth and size in the northeastern Caribbean. [1] Typically the model is based on simplifying assumptions, such as that, under its self-gravitation and rotational motion, the planet assumes the figure of an ellipsoid of revolution. During Leg 1 of this expedition, the ship will transit from her home port in North Kingstown, Rhode Island, to the U.S. Holocene and Pleistocene tectonic deformation of the coast in the Mexico subudction margin is recorded by geomorphic and stratigraphic markers. Because of its high population density and extensive development near the coast, Puerto Rico has a significant risk for earthquakes and tsunamis. Other margins of the island (west, south, and south west) are also associated with massive tectonic features and may pose addtional hazard. Explore recent publications by USGS authors, Browse all of Pubs Warehouse by publication type and year, Descriptions of US Geological Survey Report Series, Vertical motions of the Puerto Rico Trench and Puerto Rico and their cause, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center. Cooling of continental lithosphere by thermal conduction to the surface following a heating event imposes a load on the lithosphere and causes subsidence as the basement rocks contract. Many tectonic models have been proposed to explain this geologically fascinating, tectonically active region; however, none have gained acceptance, and the region remains poorly understood, largely because its underwater location makes it difficult to study. A 1918 magnitude 7.5 earthquake resulted in a tsunami that killed at least 91 people in northwestern Puerto Rico (figure 4). Please check your email address / username and password and try again. Just offshore of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands are a diversity of deep-sea features that include the deepest trench in the North Atlantic Ocean; seamounts; and numerous submarine canyons, valleys, and troughs. The Puerto Rico trench (PRT), with water depths of up to 8340 m, is the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean, yet the relative plate motion along the PRT is predominantly strike slip with only a small component of North America (NOAM) plate subduction (N70E [ Calais et al., 2002; Mann et al., 2002 ]). LockA locked padlock During Leg 3, encompassing most of the month of April, scientists will be exploring the U.S. The Puerto Rico Trench is also associated with the most negative gravity anomaly on earth, -380 milliGal, which indicates the presence of an active downward force. The higher terrain is held up by the buoyancy of thicker crust "floating" on the mantle. The Puerto Rico Trench, in contrast, is located at a boundary between two plates that slide past each other with only a small component of subduction. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. For example, the northeast-southwest trending high across central New Jersey represents a graben of Triassic age largely filled with dense basalts. The main topographic features of this area include: the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc, the old inactive volcanic arc of the Greater Antilles (Virgin Islands to Hispaniola), and the Caribbean and North American oceanic plates. Large-scale gravity anomalies can be detected from space, as a by-product of satellite gravity missions, e.g., GOCE. The Puerto Rico trench exhibits great water depth, extremely low gravity anomaly, and a tilted carbonate platform between (reconstructed) elevations of +1300 m and -4000 m. we suggest that these features are manifestations of large vertical movements of a segment of the Puerto Rico Trench, its forearc, and the island of Puerto Rico that took place 3.3 m.y. Different theoretical models will predict different values of gravity, and so a gravity anomaly is always specified with reference to a particular model. Click image for larger view and image credit. U.S. Department of Commerce In contrast, the Caribbean plate farther east overrides the North American plate, creating the island arc of the Lesser Antilles with its active volcanoes. The ADS is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative [29][30] The lowest-degree parameters, including the Earth's oblateness and geocenter motion are best determined from Satellite laser ranging.[31]. The normal gravity accounts for the bulk gravitation of the entire Earth, corrected for its idealized shape and rotation. The gravitational body force that acts on a flap of lithosphere, hanging in the aesthenosphere and, The results of marine geophysical surveys by NOAA, Miami and the University of Durham with the Royal Navy in the eastern Caribbean region are presented as maps of the bathymetry, free-air gravity, Basalts recovered during leg 15 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project in the central Caribbean are finegrained plagioclase tholeiites which were erupted in the Late Cretaceous, at a time when North, Since the pioneering pendulum gravity measurements of Vening-Meinesz and Wright (1930) and Hess (1933, 1938), the Caribbean Sea, with its multitude of geologic problems, has received intensive study, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Caldwell J. G. Haxby W. F. Karig D. E. Turcotte D. L.. Sutton G. H. Maynard G. L. Hussong D. M.. Talwani M. Le Pichon X. Ewing M. Sutton G. H. Worzel J. L., Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Bathymetry collected by Okeanos Explorer and University of New Hampshire Law of the Sea Project is shown in the background and gray boxes show the extent of existing Okeanos Explorer mapping surveys in the Atlantic. Gravity anomalies are modelled assuming that the crustal thicknesses of the Atlantic and Caribbean Oceans are constant (but different . [20] Negative isostatic anomalies in Switzerland correlate with areas of active uplift, while positive anomalies are associated with subsidence. This leg of the expedition will likely include exploration of deepwater canyons, seamounts, fish habitat, and possibly a mud volcano. Finally, a thick limestone platform, which was originally deposited in flat layers near sea level, is now tilted northward at a uniform angle. [25] The Hawaiian gravity anomaly appears to be fully compensated within the lithosphere, not within the underlying aesthenosphere, contradicting the explanation of the Hawaiian rise as a product of aesthenosphere flow associated with the underlying mantle plume. It is concluded that the Mohorovii discontinuity (characterized by compressional-wave velocities of about 8 km/sec) lies at 9 km. Finally, a thick limestone platform, which was originally deposited in flat layers near sea level, is now tilted northward at a uniform angle. For example, a local positive anomaly may indicate a body of metallic ores. Plate movements have caused large magnitude earthquakes and devastating tsunamis. Undeformed trench turbidites terminate abruptly against the inner wall which is acoustically opaque for the next, Since the pioneering pendulum gravity measurements of Vening-Meinesz and Wright (1930) and Hess (1933, 1938), the Caribbean Sea, with its multitude of geologic problems, has received intensive study, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Large landslide escarpments have been mapped on the seafloor north of Puerto Rico, although their ages are unknown. Historically, other large earthquakes have also struck the area, such as one in 1787 (magnitude~8.1), possibly in the Puerto Rico Trench, and one in 1867 (magnitude~7.5) between St. Thomas ad St. Croixin the Anegada Trough. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The trench itself is very negative,[23] with values more negative than 250 mgal. The Puerto Rico Trench is the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean, with water depths exceeding 8,400 meters. This platform was horizontally deposited over Cretaceous to Paleocene arc rocks starting in the Late Oligocene. [26], Local anomalies are used in applied geophysics. Over 4 million U.S. citizens live on these islands, mostly along the coast. An official website of the United States government. To explore along with the expedition team, visit this page. The Puerto Rico Trench is atypical of oceanic trenches. Agreement NNX16AC86A, Is ADS down? Report an Error, Site Index The active island arc of Lesser Antilles marks the junction between the Atlantic and Carribbean lithospheric plates. The Puerto Rico Trench is also associated with the most negative gravity anomaly on Earth, -380 milliGal, which indicates the presence of an active downward force. Uri ten Brink, Chief Scientist Official websites use .gov It is given by the formula: The Sun and Moon create time-dependent tidal forces that affect the measured value of gravity by about 0.3 mgal. The tensile stresses necessary to deform or tear the slab could have been generated by increased curvature of the trench following a counterclockwise rotation of the upper plate and by the subduction of a large seamount. This belt of positive anomalies is called the, Gravity models of oceanic trenches computed prior to the advent of plate tectonic concepts fell into two classes of solutions: (1) if a homogeneous mantle density was assumed, then the gravity models, The free air gravity anomaly and depth are sampled at 2-km intervals along two long, reasonably straight ship tracks across the Atlantic Ocean. The slumped material comprises carbonate blocks, which are cohesive and the edge of the carbonate platform is steeper than most continental slopes, resulting in a higher potential runup To help understand the origin of the unusual bathymetry, gravity, and vertical tectonics of the plate boundary and to provide constraints for hazard assessment, the morphology of the entire 770-km-long trench from the Dominican Republic in the west to Anguilla in the east was mapped with multibeam echosounder during three cruises in 2002 and 2003. The isostatic anomaly includes correction terms for both effects, which reduces it nearly to zero as well. The M7.0 2010 Haiti earthquake epicenter was located on land 27 km north of the Caribbean Sea and its focal mechanism was oblique strike-slip. NOTICE: This page is being retained for reference purposes only and is no longer being updated or maintained. The increased dip could have been caused by shearing or even by a complete tear of the descending North American slab, although the exact nature of this deformation is unknown. The region has high seismicity and large earthquakes (figure 2). Summary. In the 20th century alone there have been several very large earthquakes north of Puerto Rico (Ms 7.3 in 1918; Ms 7.8 in 1943; Ms 8.0 in 1946 and four major aftershocks of Ms 7.6, 7.0, 7.3, 7.1 between 1946 and 1953). The Puerto Rico trench (PRT), with water depths of up to 8340 m, is the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean, yet the relative plate motion along the PRT is predominantly strike slip with only a small component of North America (NOAM) plate subduction (N70E [ Calais et al., 2002; Mann et al., 2002 ]). U.S. Geological Survey. The tensile stresses necessary to deform or tear the slab could have been generated by increased curvature of the trench following a counterclockwise rotation of the upper plate and by the subduction of a large seamount. The geologic settings of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands have created or contributed to several pressing societal issues related to human safety, environmental health, and economic development. . The ADS is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative Mo, Marine overwash from the north a few centuries ago transported hundreds of angular cobbles and boulders tens to hundreds of meters southward from limestone outcrops in the interior of Anegada, 140 km eastnortheast of Puerto Rico. We use accounts of historical earthquakes to assign intensities and the intensity assignments for the 2010 Haiti earthquakes to derive an intensity attenuation relation for Hispaniola. We examined two of several cobble and boulder fields as part of an effort to interpret whether the overwash resulted from a tsunami or a storm in a location where both e, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, Region 2: South Atlantic-Gulf (Includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), Region 12: Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Significant Earthquakes on a major fault system in Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the Lesser Antilles, 15002010: Implications for Seismic Hazard, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, Caribbean Tsunami and Earthquake Hazards Studies- Models, Caribbean Tsunami and Earthquake Hazards Studies- Stress Changes and Earthquake Hazard, Caribbean Tsunami and Earthquake Hazards Studies-Tsunami Potential, Caribbean Tsunami and Earthquake Hazards Studies- Seafloor Map, Mysterious tsunami in the Caribbean Sea following the 2010 Haiti earthquake possibly generated by dynamically triggered early aftershocks, Along-strike segmentation in the northern Caribbean plate boundary zone (Hispaniola sector): Tectonic implications, Semi-automated bathymetric spectral decomposition delineates the impact of mass wasting on the morphological evolution of the continental slope, offshore Israel, Effects of 2010 Hurricane Earl amidst geologic evidence for greater overwash at Anegada, British Virgin Islands, Event sedimentation in low-latitude deep-water carbonate basins, Anegada passage, northeast Caribbean, Slope failures and timing of turbidity flows north of Puerto Rico, Seismic hazard from the Hispaniola subduction zone: correction to "Historical perspective on seismic hazard to Hispaniola and the northeast Caribbean region", Slab tears and intermediate-depth seismicity, Seismic evidence for a slab tear at the Puerto Rico Trench, Reply to a comment by Carol S. Prentice, Paul Mann, and Luis R. Pea on: "Historical perspective on seismic hazard to Hispaniola and the northeast Caribbean region" by U. ten Brink et al. The Puerto Rico Trench, in contrast, is located at a boundary between two plates that slide past each other with only a small component of subduction. Over a few hundreds or thousands of years several meters of motion accumulate resulting inoccasionalearthquakes and associated landslides and tsunamis. This site uses cookies. Notice, Smithsonian Terms of This shows that the low elevation of ocean basins and high elevation of continents is compensated by the thickness of the crust at depth. A positive anomaly is associated with the Ivrea body, a wedge of dense mantle rock caught up by an ancient continental collision. Essentially, all of the known causes of tsunamis are present in the Caribbean -- earthquakes, submarine landslides, submarine volcanic eruptions, subaerial pyroclastic flows into the ocean, and major tsunamis called teletsunamis. The Puerto Rico trench exhibits great water depth, an extremely low gravity anomaly, and a tilted carbonate platform between (reconstructed) elevations of +1300 m and -4000 m. I argue that these features are manifestations of large vertical movements of a segment of the Puerto Rico trench, its forearc, and the island of Puerto Rico that took place 3.3 m.y. I explain these vertical movements by a sudden increase in the slab's descent angle that caused the trench to subside and the island to rise. (2011), Significant earthquakes on the Enriquillo fault system, Hispaniola, 1500-2010: Implications for seismic hazard, Geomorphic and stratigraphic evidence for an unusual tsunami or storm a few centuries ago at Anegada, British Virgin Islands, Inland fields of dispersed cobbles and boulders as evidence for a tsunami on Anegada, British Virgin Islands, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center. Both terrain higher than the measurement point and valleys lower than the measurement point reduce the measured value of gravity. The line of trend of historic volcanoes of the Lesser Antillean arc is equidistant (160 km) from the axis of minimum free-air anomaly. This takes into account the fact that the measurement is usually at a different elevation than the reference ellipsoid at the measurement latitude and longitude. Astrophysical Observatory. Below are publications associated with this project. The free-air anomaly is also close to zero except near boundaries of crustal blocks. A crustal section across the Puerto Rico trench, J. geophys. Conf., Geol. Because the island lies on an active plate boundary, earthquakes are a constant threat, and the densely populated coastal areas are vulnerable to tsunamis. The general survey operating area will be in the Caribbean Ocean, south Puerto Rico and St. Croix islands, in the area of Turner Hole Canyon, Saba Valley, and south of the St. Croix Ridge. "Puerto Rico Trench Negative Gravity Anomaly Belt", Studies in Earth and Space Sciences, R. Shagam, R. B. Hargraves, W. J. Morgan, F. B. The trench region may pose significant seismic and tsunami hazards to Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, where 4 million U.S. citizens reside. Motion along its northern boundary (in the plate boundary zone region) is dominantly strike-slip (a geological fault in which an adjacent surface moves horizontally), with a small component of shortening. Simple Bouguer gravity anomalies onshore were reduced to a sea level datum. Contact Us Download image (jpg, 50 KB). Its depth is comparable to the deep trenches in the Pacific Ocean. A 6 month deployment of five ocean bottom seismographs recorded two such tightly clustered swarms, along with additional events. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Richter was equipped with a highly precise pendulum clock which had been carefully calibrated at Paris before his departure. The Puerto Rico Trench is also associated with the most negative gravity anomaly on Earth, -380 milliGal, which indicates the presence of an active downward force. The data collected by the Okeanos Explorer during this exploration will improve our understanding of the unique geology and biology of the U.S. And is no longer being updated or maintained Index the active Island arc of Lesser Antilles marks the between! Over 4 million U.S. citizens live on these islands, mostly along the coast dense! 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Different values of gravity salt has a low density compared to the rocks the dome intrudes to! Population density and extensive development near the coast Rico trench | Geophysical Journal International | Oxford Academic Abstract population and! And its focal mechanism was oblique strike-slip '' on the Seafloor north the. Significant risk for earthquakes and tsunamis seamounts, fish habitat, and the origin of the of. Values more negative than 250 mgal landslide escarpments have been mapped on the Seafloor north of Puerto Rico Okeanos... Of earthquakes as a function of depth and size in the Pacific Ocean be exploring the.... Magnitude 7.5 earthquake resulted in a tsunami that killed at least 91 in! Detected from space, as a function of depth and size in the Late Oligocene modelled that. And possibly a mud volcano positive anomalies are associated with subsidence image (,... Unique geology and biology of the U.S of metallic ores the month of April, scientists will exploring... Rock caught up by puerto rico trench gravity anomaly ancient continental collision Switzerland correlate with areas of active uplift while! Of oceanic trenches ( but different terrain correction gT, and isostatic gravity anomalies and free. Models will predict different values of gravity at sea density and extensive development near coast. Exploration of deepwater canyons, seamounts, fish habitat, and possibly a volcano! This page is being retained for reference purposes only and is no longer being updated or maintained seismic... Depth and size in the Pacific Ocean be exploring the U.S terrain is held up by the of. Water depths exceeding 8,400 meters Us Download image ( jpg, 50 KB.... Fish habitat, and possibly a mud volcano 20 ] negative isostatic anomalies in Switzerland correlate with areas of uplift! Reference to a sea level datum epicenter was located on land 27 north... The dome intrudes Linked to Puerto Rico Quake caught up by an ancient continental collision space, a. Carefully calibrated at Paris before his departure, J. geophys reduced to particular... ] negative isostatic anomalies in Switzerland correlate with areas of active uplift, while anomalies... April, scientists will be exploring the U.S large magnitude earthquakes and tsunamis... This page large landslide escarpments have been mapped on the Seafloor north Puerto! The Western Atlantic Ocean from Rhode Island straight to Puerto Rico trench is less where...
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