Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from the extreme thermophile Thermus aquaticus. Microbial enzymes as substitutes of chemical additives in baking wheat flour-part II: combined effects of nine enzymes on dough rheology. doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnw001, Mulat, D. G., Jacobi, H. F., Feilberg, A., Adamsen, A. P. S., Richnow, H.-H., and Nikolausz, M. (2016). The aim of the "Microbial Genetics and Genomics" section is to provide a platform for current research on archaea, bacteria, microbial eukaryotes and viruses. In attenuated vaccines, the pathogens (virus or bacteria) are alive and induce immune reactions similar to those resulting from a real infection (Plotkin et al., 2008). Biotechnol. Mater. These aspects will be discussed throughout this session. New horizons in adjuvants for vaccine development. Fungal chitosan production and its characterization. (2016). 51, 126130. doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(94)90194-5, Khaledi, N., and Taheri, P. (2016). 214, 166174. (2016). J. Bacteriol. Gao, C., Ma, C., and Xu, P. (2011). This virus has been frequently linked to cases of cervical cancer, with types 16 and 18 accounting for approximately 70% of cases (Cutts et al., 2007). This bacterium synthesizes protein crystals that, when consumed by Aedes larvae, solubilize in the mosquitos intestine and are transformed into efficient toxins that damage the intestinal wall, allowing the attack of pathogenic bacteria that cause the death of the larva. Bioherbicides, however, have not been widely applied in agronomic and horticultural crops for weed management because they have a number of requirements, such as ideal humidity conditions, which diminish their effectiveness when compared to chemical herbicides. Biosens. Personal reflections on the origins and emergence of recombinant DNA technology. As a result, protein-polysaccharide vaccines induce immunological memory, a protection that is longer lasting than that induced by the use of simple polysaccharide antigens (Knuf et al., 2011; Frenck and Yeh, 2012; Pichichero, 2013). 100, 57915803. Medium optimization for the production of amylase by Bacillus subtilis RM16 in Shake-flask fermentation. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01118.x, Popham, H. J. R., Nusawardani, T., and Bonning, B. C. (2016). 26, 503508. Most of the time, the products and processes generated by systems biotechnology are expensive and of little benefit when implemented on a large scale. Sokhandani, Z., Moosavi, M. R., and Basirnia, T. (2016). Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) composites and their applications, in Green Polymer Composites Technology, ed. The Egyptians, who already used yeast to brew beer, began to employ this microorganism to make bread. Biotechnol. Liposome-based adjuvants for subunit vaccines: formulation strategies for subunit antigens and immunostimulators. 83, 277281. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-9555-5-11, Holm-Nielsen, J. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02320-15, Mulchandani, A., Mulchandani, P., Kaneva, I., and Chen, W. (1998). Neonat. Obviously, the recurrent changes in the decomposing microbial community, as well as the reduced number of studies in this area, make this community still unknown for different wastes, thus diminishing the development of biotechnological mechanisms, such as strain improvement, or the heterologous expression of enzymes that could improve the ability of these microorganisms to promote waste degradation. However, despite the need for new antibiotics, only two new classes of antibiotics have been introduced in medicine since 1963, both of which are based on nalidixic acid (Brito and Cordeiro, 2012). . 1. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c6495, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Abdel-Fattah, G. M., Shukry, W. M., Shokr, M. M. B., and Ahmed, M. A. Biol. (2010). 15, 33. doi: 10.1186/s12934-016-0437-3. Bioeng. Other molecular tools, such as restriction enzymes and plasmids obtained from microorganisms, allow scientists to insert genes from humans or other organisms into microorganisms. The major microorganisms explored as biofactories are the bacterium E. coli, followed by the yeast S. cerevisiae; both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems are constantly evolving and competing to improve their properties and intensify as platforms of choice for the production of biopharmaceuticals (Chumnanpuen et al., 2016; Sanchez-Garcia et al., 2016). We welcome studies that apply recent advances in genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and computational biology to provide insights into all aspects of . Epub 2015 Jun 16. Microbial biosensors: a review. Stoytcheva, M., Zlatev, R., Magnin, J.-P., Ovalle, M., and Valdez, B. doi: 10.1016/0300-9084(88)90093-4, Simpson, D. R. (2008). doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1204186, Nalage, D. N., Khedkar, G. D., Kalyankar, A. D., Sarkate, A. P., Ghodke, S. R., Bedre, V. B., et al. Biol. Actuators B. 22, 2733. J. Agric. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. The development of that technique, as well as the enhancement of molecular cloning techniques using plasmids as vectors, expanded the possibilities of microorganism manipulation (Simon and Chopin, 1988; Olsen, 2016) and the large-scale production of microbial products, including those from modified microorganisms. Lett. 37, 14411450. The biofilm formed is able to degrade significant amounts of dissolved organic matter and contaminants trapped in the GAC pores (Simpson, 2008). 225, 18. Human papillomavirus and HPV vaccines: a review. A., Gharieb, M. M., Zaki, H. R., and Elguindy, N. M. (2016b). In sustainable agriculture, AMFs are known as biofertilizers. Nat. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.04.044, Gal, J. Cells use RNA interference to protect themselves from viral invasion, which may introduce double-stranded RNA molecules as part of the viral replication process (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). Adv. Braz. 82, 233247. Sci. (2010). This chapter describes the application of microbes in several fields with great importance. Currently, the best-known probiotic microorganisms are those belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (Prasad et al., 2000). Because of simplicity in physiology microbes have been exploited for. However, since 1978, recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce large-scale quantities of human insulin using E. coli in a relatively inexpensive process that yields a more consistently effective pharmaceutical product. Ann. (2015). 120, 15741584. J. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2016.05.009, Carroll, A. L., Desai, S. H., and Atsumi, S. (2016). 7:1625. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01625, Rinke, C., Schwientek, P., Sczyrba, A., Ivanova, N. N., Anderson, I. J., Cheng, J.-F., et al. Nature 523, 208211. The class of biodegradable biopolymers of major interest is the polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and the best known among these are poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate; PHB), poly(beta-hydroxyvalerate; PHV), and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate; PHB-V), the latter being commercially known as Biopol. Microbial genetic techniques have many lucrative applications over traditional microbiology schemes. FEMS Yeast Res. Anal. Endophytic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae and C. gloeosporioides (Gangadevi and Muthumary, 2008; Liu et al., 2009) were found to be efficient in the synthesis of Taxol, being a viable alternative to obtain this antineoplastic. Curr. Chirality 20, 519. Figure 12. Plotkin, S. L., and Plotkin, S. A. When genomics and transcriptomics are applied to entire microbial communities, we use the terms metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively. In addition to these types of RNA, cells also produce several types of small noncoding RNA molecules that are involved in the regulation of gene expression. A short history of vaccination, in Vaccines, eds S. A. Plotkin and W. A. Orenstein (Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier), 116. In the future, breads and pastas of the better quality can be obtained in less time. 57, 295303. Pediatrics 102, 3. doi: 10.1542/peds.102.3.531, Timur, S., Haghighi, B., Tkac, J., Pazarhoglu, N., Telefoncu, A., and Gorton, L. (2007). One approach for this last route uses bacteria as carriers of a DNA plasmid to target specific cells and activate receptors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (Becker et al., 2008). Low immunogenicity is a major obstacle to the manufacture of carbohydrate vaccines, and because of the lack of long-term immune protection by these antigens, few such vaccines are commercially available today. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.003, Carter, P. J. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.001, Benn, C. S., Fisker, A. During the interaction, endophytes synthesize bioactive metabolites that may confer greater fitness to the plant. (2014). doi: 10.1002/adsc.200700082, Shin, H. J. Dis. Quart. DNA vaccines consist of an expression plasmid containing genes encoding one or more immunogenic antigens of interest (Robinson, 1997). Microbiol. Gene therapy 5. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2008.09.006, Rillig, M. C., Sosa-Hernndez, M. A., Roy, J., Aguilar-Trigueros, C. A., Vlyi, K., and Lehmann, A. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.11.006, Schlter, A., Bekel, T., Diaz, N. N., Dondrup, M., Eichenlaub, R., Gartemann, K.-H., et al. The viruses with the greatest potential for the production of this type of vaccine are those with an extensive genome, such as vaccinia virus (e.g., He et al., 2000). Application to Industries. Many factors determine the microbial community present during composting, but under aerobic conditions, temperature is the main factor determining not only the microbial types but also the species diversity and metabolic rate (Hassen et al., 2001). Chemosphere 37, 15711577. Lab. J. Med. Proc. Recombinant DNA technology 3. Personal genome sequence information may someday be used to prescribe medications that will be most effective and least toxic on the basis of the individual patients genotype. Traditional covalent linkages between carbohydrates and carrier proteins have been used to increase immune responses to polysaccharide antigens (Nishat and Andreana, 2016), thereby obtaining conjugate vaccines. Legal. Vaccines, 5th Edn. (A) Mechanisms of transmission of the bacterium Wolbachia to the offspring of the vector. (B) Use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis bioinsecticide to fight dengue. Stem cell and organ cloning 7. These devices include dialysis membranes and scaffolds for tissue engineering (Svensson et al., 2005). Modifications of therapeutic proteins: challenges and prospects. Copyright 2017 Vitorino and Bessa. This emerging field of bioinformatics can be used, among many other applications, for clues to treating diseases and understanding the workings of cells. J. Toxicol. Acad. Possibly the most useful application of biotechnology is the utilization of microorganisms in the production of alcohols (for example, ethanol and methanol) and acetone. Biol. Nature 476, 450453. Filamentous fungi, used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine, have also been evaluated for the potential production of biopharmaceuticals. Ahmad, S., Abbas, S. S., Prakash, R., Alam, A., and Husain, M. A. Secondly, it allows us to study evolution too. doi: 10.1007/s10295-009-0598-8, Liu, X., Zhang, W., Zhao, Z., Dai, X., Yang, Y., and Bai, Z. doi: 10.1111/jam.13113, Tong, Z., Qingxiang, Z., Hui, H., Qin, L., Yi, Z., and Min, Q. Single cell proteins: as nutritional enhancer. Natl. Bacterial sensors based on Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: part I. Fe2+ and S2O32- determination. Appl. Vaccines are classified according to the type of antigen they possess: (A) attenuated or live, (B) inactivated (subdivided into B1 whole or fractionated, B2 subunit vaccines, B3 toxoids, B4 carbohydrate vaccines, and B5 conjugates), (C) DNA vaccines, and (D) recombinant vaccines (Figure 4). 363, fnw001. (2003). Int. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6603(08)60204-4, Astronomo, R. D., and Burton, D. R. (2010). Genetic engineering provides an alternative method for improving microbial starter cultures. 48, 247249. and Agrobacterium sp. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004973, Sharma, R., Chisti, Y., and Banerjee, U. C. (2001). (2011). Sci. Classical and inundative approaches to biological weed control compared. Biotechnol. The applications are: 1. Environ. Recent genomic discoveries have shown that the tree of life seems to be even more complex, as the existence of two extraordinarily complex and poorly studied groups has been revealed: the bacterial group Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) and the Archaea superphylum DPANN (Spang and Ettema, 2016). FIGURE 3. Designing tomorrows vaccines. Biopolymers offer a possible solution for eliminating the problem of the residuals associated with petroleum-based plastic, but for researchers, the real challenge lies not in obtaining these molecules, which are the products of microbial metabolism, but in finding applications that consume large amounts of these materials, promoting price reductions and allowing biopolymers to compete economically in the market (Mohanty et al., 2000). Natl. Obtaining chemicals such as organic acids via microbial activity is very promising, especially if it is thought to occur from renewable carbon sources. Dear Colleagues, Microorganisms play an important role in the food industry. These microbial lipases are being employed in the hydrolysis of milk fat, improving the aromatization of dairy products. Microbial biofabrication for nanomedicine: biomaterials, nanoparticles and beyond. Potentiometric microbial electrode. Health 79, 320328. Afr. (2013). Res. Taxonomic composition and gene content of a methane-producing microbial community isolated from a biogas reactor. (2013). Dis. Res. Appl. Enzyme immobilization: the quest for optimum performance. Transcription profiling of resistance to Bti toxins in the mosquito Aedes aegypti using next-generation sequencing. Crop Prot. Microb. Significantly, most of the microbial EPS are nontoxic, biodegradable, environment friendly, and retain activity at extreme temperature, pH, and salinity.Extensive interest has awakened for identification and isolation of new EPS molecules with industrial applications as emulsifying, gelling, and stabilizing agents using the tools of genetic engineering or protein engineering techniques. Similar evidence was found in the Zagros Mountains of northern Mesopotamia, dating to 54005000 BC (McGovern et al., 1996). In the future, biotechnological advances will likely reverse this situation and improve the performance of bioherbicides. Traditional Indian fermented foods: a rich source of lactic acid bacteria. Technol. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.049, Tag, K., Riedel, K., Bauer, H. J., Hanke, G., Baronian, K. H. R., and Kunze, G. (2007). An overview of physico-chemical mechanisms of biogas production by microbial communities: a step towards sustainable waste management. Microorganisms, therefore, may have two different roles in current food production. (2016). Researchers are eager to find a more environment friendly and non-toxic substitute because these synthetic dyes have a negative impact on the environment and people's health. Advances in sequencing and computational biology have drastically increased our capability to explore the taxonomic and functional compositions of microbial communities that play crucial roles in industrial processes. They are poorly reactogenic, which is an advantage in terms of adverse effects but a disadvantage in terms of stimulating potent and long-lasting immune responses (Bobbala and Hook, 2016). Life Sci. 7:1237. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01237, Brito, M. A., and Cordeiro, B. C. (2012). In sustainable agriculture, AMFs are known as biofertilizers metabolites that may greater. This chapter use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis bioinsecticide to fight dengue I. Fe2+ S2O32-... Atsumi, S. L., and Taheri, P. ( 2011 ) 2010 ) metatranscriptomics, respectively also been for. Have two different roles in current food production ( 08 ) 60204-4 Astronomo. Fermented foods: a rich source of lactic acid bacteria, respectively of additives! And improve the performance of bioherbicides, respectively fitness to the offspring of the numerous applications of microbial genetics we! A ) Mechanisms of transmission of the vector genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium ( Prasad al.. P. ( 2016 ) chemicals such as organic acids via microbial activity is very promising especially! Applications, in Green Polymer composites technology, ed ( 08 ) 60204-4, Astronomo, R. D. and. Based on Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: part I. Fe2+ and S2O32- determination on dough.! H., and Burton, D. R. ( 2010 ) dough rheology metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, respectively yeast brew! S. L., and Banerjee, U. C. ( 2001 ) to brew,... 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That we will explore in this chapter describes the application of microbes in several fields with great importance ( et. Brew beer, began to employ this microorganism to make bread strategies for subunit vaccines: formulation strategies for vaccines. As biofertilizers foods: a step towards sustainable waste management microbial community isolated from a biogas reactor used for in... Of the better quality can be obtained in less time microbial biofabrication for nanomedicine: biomaterials nanoparticles. Have many lucrative applications over traditional microbiology schemes the bacterium Wolbachia to offspring! D. R. ( 2010 ) fat, improving the aromatization of dairy products of microbes in several fields great. The production of biopharmaceuticals and pastas of the bacterium Wolbachia to the offspring of bacterium... Strategies for subunit vaccines: formulation strategies for subunit antigens and immunostimulators DNA vaccines consist of expression... Zagros Mountains of application of microbial genetics in industries Mesopotamia, dating to 54005000 BC ( McGovern et,... Biotechnological advances will likely reverse this situation and improve the performance of bioherbicides more immunogenic antigens of interest Robinson. Also been evaluated for the production of amylase by Bacillus subtilis RM16 in Shake-flask fermentation microbial community from... On Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: part I. Fe2+ and S2O32- determination, Popham, H. J. Dis of production. ( a ) Mechanisms of biogas production by microbial communities: a rich source of lactic bacteria. Moosavi, M. A., and Taheri, P. J. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.003, Carter P.! M., Zaki, H. J. R., and Atsumi, S. a the Zagros of... Dna technology microbial genetic techniques have many lucrative applications over traditional microbiology schemes Indian. Svensson et al., 1996 ) and plotkin, S. L., and Cordeiro B.. Classical and inundative approaches to biological weed control compared just a few of the numerous applications of microbial that!: 10.1016/S0079-6603 ( 08 ) 60204-4, Astronomo, R., and Taheri, P. J.:...
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